Ibadat Khana

Das Ibādat Khāna (Haus der Verehrung) war ein Versammlungshaus, das 1575 vom Mogulkaiser Akbar (reg. 1556–1605) in Fatehpur Sikri erbaut wurde, um geistige Führer verschiedener religiöser Richtungen zu versammeln und eine Diskussion über die Lehren der jeweiligen religiösen Führer zu führen.

Das erste Ergebnis dieser Diskussionen war ein 1579 von den führenden muslimischen Theologen unterzeichnetes Protokoll (mahzar) in Form einer Fatwa,^[1] die den Herrscher Akbar ermächtigte, im öffentlichen Interesse religiöse Entscheidungen zu treffen.^[2]

Der pakistanische Historiker S. M. Ikram merkt dazu kritisch an:

“But the limitations laid down in the declaration of 1579 were not observed by Akbar, and in practice it became an excuse for the exercise of unrestrained autocracy.”^[3]

Akbar war dem britischen Indologen Vincent A. Smith zufolge

“solemnly recognized as being superior in his capacity of Imām-i-‘Ādil to any other interpreter of Muslim law, and practically was invested with the attributes of infallibility.”^[4]

Dem mazhar von 1579 folgte die Verkündung des Din-i Ilahi in den Jahren 1581–1582, welches keine Religion ist, sondern als Sufi-System Akbars bezeichnet werden kann.^[5]

Literatur

Vincent A. Smith: Akbar's „House of Worship“, or 'Ibadat-Khana. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Oct. 1917, S. 715–722 (siehe dazu die Arbeit von F. W. Buckler)
F. W. Buckler: A new Interpretation of Akbar's “Infallibility” Decree of 1579. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 56, Issue 4, October 1924 , pp. 591–608. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Syed Ali Nadeem: Religious Disputation and Imperial Ideology: The Purpose and Location of Akbar's Ibadatkhana. 2008. SAGE Publications (Digitalisat)
Makhanlal Roychoudhury: The Din-I-Ilahi Or The Religion Of Akbar. 1941 (Digitalisat)
Caner Köseoglu: Das Mogulreich: Entstehung und Zerfall. 2013 (Online-Teilansicht)
Gerald Grobbel: Der Dichter Faiḍī und die Religion Akbars. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen; Bd. 234) Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-87997-287-6 (Online-Teilansicht)

Weblinks

Commons: Ibādat Khāna – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

ʿIbādat-khāna (in Teilansicht)

Einzelnachweise und Fußnoten

↑ Im Englischen bisweilen mit “Infallibility” Decree wiedergegeben (zur „Unfehlbarkeit“, vgl. jedoch Caner Köseoglu, S. 57). Makhanlal Roychoudhury merkt dazu an (1941:66): Smith's translation of the "Mahzar" as the "Infallibility Decree" is wrong. Buckler was right while Smith was wrong; Buckler's conclusion is that the "Mahzar" was a political document."
↑ vgl. S. M. Ikram: Muslim Civilization in India, edited by Ainslie T. Embree. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964, Abschnitt: XII. Religion at Akbar's Cour ("the king's authority was confined to measures which were "in accordance with some verse of the Quran" and were of "real benefit for the nation."")
↑ S. M. Ikram: Muslim Civilization in India, edited by Ainslie T. Embree. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964, Abschnitt: XII. Religion at Akbar's Cour
↑ Zitiert nach F. W. Buckler: A new Interpretation of Akbar's “Infallibility” Decree of 1579. Cambridge University Press. 2011 (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , October 1924 , pp. 591 - 608. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland)
↑ Zum Sufi system of Akbar, vgl. Makhan Lai Roychoudhury: The Din-I-Ilahli: The Religion of Akbar.

[1] Im Englischen bisweilen mit “Infallibility” Decree wiedergegeben (zur „Unfehlbarkeit“, vgl. jedoch Caner Köseoglu, S. 57). Makhanlal Roychoudhury merkt dazu an (1941:66): Smith's translation of the "Mahzar" as the "Infallibility Decree" is wrong. Buckler was right while Smith was wrong; Buckler's conclusion is that the "Mahzar" was a political document."

[2] vgl. S. M. Ikram: Muslim Civilization in India, edited by Ainslie T. Embree. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964, Abschnitt: XII. Religion at Akbar's Cour ("the king's authority was confined to measures which were "in accordance with some verse of the Quran" and were of "real benefit for the nation."")

[3] S. M. Ikram: Muslim Civilization in India, edited by Ainslie T. Embree. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964, Abschnitt: XII. Religion at Akbar's Cour

[4] Zitiert nach F. W. Buckler: A new Interpretation of Akbar's “Infallibility” Decree of 1579. Cambridge University Press. 2011 (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , October 1924 , pp. 591 - 608. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland)

[5] Zum Sufi system of Akbar, vgl. Makhan Lai Roychoudhury: The Din-I-Ilahli: The Religion of Akbar.

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