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<ref name="pmid15542526">{{cite journal |author=Urbanowicz W, Sogni P, Moreau R, ''et al.'' |title=Tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, limits liver injury in endotoxin challenged cirrhotic rats |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=1844–1849 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15542526 |pmc=1774327 |accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref>
{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2001/20-430S003_Orgaran_prntlbl.pdf |titel=Full label information for ORGARAN™ (Danaparoid-Sodium) |hrsg=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |datum=2001-06-26 |seiten=18 |abruf=2010-10-05 |format=PDF (566 kB) |sprache=en}}
Danaparoid-Natrium
Definition
Zubereitung aus Natrium-Salzen einer Mischung von sulfatierten Glucosaminglycanen, die in Geweben von Schweinen vorkommen
Die Hauptkomponenten sind Heparansulfat und Dermatansulfat.
Bei vollständiger Hydrolyse werden D-Glucosamin, D-Galactosamin, D-Glucuronsäure, L-Iduronsäure, Essigsäure und Schwefelsäure freigesetzt. Die
Substanz hat die charakteristische Eigenschaft, die Inaktivierung von aktiviertem Blutgerinnungsfaktor X (Faktor Xa) durch Antithrombin zu fördern. Ihre Auswirkung
auf die Inaktivierung von Thrombin durch Antithrombin ist vernachlässigbar. Aktivität: 11,0 bis 17,0 Anti-Faktor-Xa-Einheiten je Milligramm (getrocknete Substanz). Ph. Eur. 6. Ausgabe, Grundwerk 2008
{{Gesundheitsinformation.de|http://www.gesundheitsinformation.de/alzheimer-demenz-wie-gut-helfen-cholinesterasehemmer.511.html|Alzheimer Demenz: Wie gut helfen Cholinesterasehemmer}}
[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1009396107]]
{{ISSN|1381-6128}}
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Der Wirkstoff Artesunat wurde 2002 von der [[Weltgesundheitsorganisation]] (WHO) in die [[Liste der unentbehrlichen Arzneimittel der Weltgesundheitsorganisation]] aufgenommen.<ref>[http://apps.who.int/emlib/MedicineDisplay.aspx?Language=EN&MedIDName=28%40artesunate ''Artesunat WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines''], abgerufen am 26. September 2010.</ref>
Der Wirkstoff Allopurinol wurde 1977 von der [[Weltgesundheitsorganisation]] (WHO) in die [[Liste der unentbehrlichen Arzneimittel der Weltgesundheitsorganisation]] aufgenommen.<ref>[http://apps.who.int/emlib/MedicineDisplay.aspx?Language=EN&MedIDName=14%40allopurinol ''Allopurinol WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines''], abgerufen am 16. August 2010.</ref>
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* {{Literatur
|Autor=Claus-Jürgen Estler
|Hrsg=Harald Schmidt
|Titel=Pharmakologie und Toxikologie für Studium und Praxis
|Auflage=6.
|Verlag=Schattauer GmbH
|Ort=Stuttgart
|Datum=2006
|ISBN=978-3-7945-2295-8
|Seiten=241–245}}
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Innere Medizin kk: Febuxostat
{{Wikibooks|Innere Medizin kk: Febuxostat|Innere Medizin kk: Febuxostat|Febuxostat ist ein neues Medikament gegen die Gicht}}
{{Wikibooks|Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Pharmakokinetik|Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Pharmakokinetik}}
Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Pharmakokinetik
[[Datei:Purin.svg|101px|Chemical structure of cytosine]]
[[Datei:Allopurinol V.1.svg|127px|Chemical structure of thymine]]
[[Datei:Febuxostat Structural Formulae V.1.svg|150px|Chemical structure of uracil]]
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{{RobKochInst|http://www.rki.de/cln_160/nn_205760/DE/Home/NDM-1.html?__nnn=true|Zum Auftreten von multiresistenten Erregern mit der Carbapenemase NDM-1}}
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[[Arzneibuch#Europäisches Arzneibuch (Pharmacopoea Europaea)|Pharmacopoea Europaea]]
Laut [[Monografie]]-Nr.6.1/0293 in der [[Arzneibuch#Europäisches Arzneibuch (Pharmacopoea Europaea)|Ph. Eur. 6. Ausgabe, 5. Nachtrag]]
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[[doi:10.1172/JCI38430]]
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<ref>[http://www.embryotox.de/carbamazepin.html ''Embriotox-Arzneimittelsicherheit in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit: Daten für Carbamazepin''] abgerufen am 10 Juli 2010.</ref>
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* [http://toolserver.org/~escaladix/cgi-bin/farticles.tcl?pseudo=Crazy-Chemist&lang=de Artikelstatiskit]
* [http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/ Wiki and Blog citation maker]
{{RobKochInst|http://www.rki.de/cln_179/nn_196658/DE/Content/InfAZ/L/Lebensmittel/Lebensmittel.html|Lebensmittelbedingte Erkrankungen}}
{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/AWMF/ll/030-081.htm|Restless-Legs-Syndrom (RLS) und Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD)|S1|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie|Oktober 2008}}
[[Cochrane Library]]
* {{cite journal |author=Fromtling RA |title=Overview of medically important antifungal azole derivatives |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=187–217 |year=1988 |month=April |pmid=3069196 |pmc=358042 |accessdate=2010-06-27}}
[[WP:RMLL#A3]]
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{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/065-003.htm|Diagnostik und Therapie der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK)|S3|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Angiologie - Gesellschaft für Gefäßmedizin|03/2009}}
{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/053-007.pdf|Nackenschmerzen|S3|Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM)|Juni 2009}}
{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/005-003.htm|Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms|S3|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie|November 2006}}
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{{Google Buch
| BuchID = Mg1Zwp1MMYkC&pg=PA17
| Linktext = Volltext
}}}}
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{{Flexikon|Artikelname bei Flexikon}}
siehe [[WP:RMLL#A3]]
siehe [[WP:RMLL#D]]
siehe [[WP:RMEL]]
{{Google Buch |BuchID=6G0I35aJ3zcC&pg=PA168&dq=spiramycin&hl#v=onepage&q=spiramycin&f=false |Linktext=Auszug}}
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http://books.google.com/books?id=KxTKLlac60wC&pg=PA55&dq=laudanosine&sig=ACfU3U2OZxmvO0Pl8Jnp8KuGXHzMllcnQA#v=onepage&q=laudanosine&f=false
<ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=KxTKLlac60wC&pg=PA55&dq=laudanosine&sig=ACfU3U2OZxmvO0Pl8Jnp8KuGXHzMllcnQA#PPA48,M1 |chapter=The Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids |author=Burger A |title=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology |origyear=1954 |year=2005 |volume=4 |editor=Manske RHF, Holmes HL (eds.) |pages=p. 48 |location=New York |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-469504-3}} Retrieved September 18, 2008 through [[Google Book Search]].</ref>
{{cite journal| author=Bacchi CJ, Weiss LM, Lane S, Frydman B, Valasinas A, Reddy V et al.| title=Novel synthetic polyamines are effective in the treatment of experimental microsporidiosis, an opportunistic AIDS-associated infection. | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year= 2002 | volume= 46 | issue= 1 | pages= 55–61 | pmid=11751111
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<ref name="pmid18231614">{{cite journal | author = Lepor H | title = Alpha blockers for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia | journal = Reviews in Urology | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 181–190 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18231614 | pmc = 2213889 | doi = | url = | issn = | accessdate = 2010-05-30}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid20126606">{{cite journal | author = Roehrborn CG | title = Efficacy of alpha-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers in the Treatment of Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms |journal = Reviews in Urology |volume = 11 |issue = Suppl 1 |pages = S1–8 | year = 2009 |pmid = 20126606 |pmc = 2812889 |accessdate = 2010-05-30}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid18855806">{{cite journal | author = Haney M | title = Self-administration of cocaine, cannabis and heroin in the human laboratory: benefits and pitfalls | journal = Addiction Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–21 | year = 2009 | month = January | pmid = 18855806 | pmc = 2743289 | doi = 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00121.x | url = | issn = | accessdate = 2010-05-14}}</ref>
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<ref name="FI">Fachinformation aus dem [[Arzneimittel-Kompendium der Schweiz]] für
''Anafranil<sup>®</sup>'' von Novartis Pharma Schweiz – Stand: Mai 2009</ref>
<ref name=" ISBN 3-7691-0424-2">{{cite book | author = Knuth, Peter; Loch, Franz-Carl | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = Notfälle nach Leitsymptomen | edition =5 | language = | publisher = Deutscher Aerzte-Verlag | location =Köln | year = 2006 | origyear = | pages =673 | quote = | isbn = 978-3-7691-0424-0 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}</ref>
"..." (drei Zeichen) statt "…".
{{cite book | author = Otto Benkert; Holsboer, Florian; Gerhard Gründer | title = Handbuch der Psychopharmakotherapie | edition = 1.| publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | year = 2007 | pages = 1185 | isbn = 978-3-540-20475-6| doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-68748-1}}
http://books.google.ch/books?id=IBJSDIxrSUUC&pg=PA696&dq=W.+Remmele++Pathologie++3.+Auflage,+Verlag+Springer+2008&hl=de&ei=RAnHS_mGCNOosQbb_cHfCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=rundzellige%20Liposarkome%20&f=false
Ubidecarenon is the German [[Internationaler Freiname|INN]], it has also an {{ATC|Q|P53AX11}} and an entry in the European Pharmacopoeia. [http://crs.edqm.eu/db/4DCGI/db/4DCGI/MSDS?MSDS=U0020000 Safety Data Sheet for ''UBIDECARENONE CRS''] – [[Europäisches Direktorat für die Qualität von Arzneimitteln|EDQM]], abgerufen am 8. April 2010.
http://books.google.ch/books?id=Mg1Zwp1MMYkC&pg=PA17&dq=Biologische+Leistungskurve+des+Menschen&hl=de&ei=XN_FS47BIoinsAa0uOG-AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.ch/books?id=Mg1Zwp1MMYkC&pg=PA18&dq=Biologische+Leistungskurve+des+Menschen&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Biologische%20Leistungskurve%20des%20Menschen&f=false
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<ref name="pmid20194335">{{cite journal | author = Unnanuntana A, Gladnick BP, Donnelly E, Lane JM | title = The assessment of fracture risk | journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery| volume = 92 | issue = 3 | pages = 743–753 | year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20194335 | url =http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/full/92/3/743 | accessdate = 2010-04-29}}</ref>
<ref name="ema">{{cite web |url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Discussion/human/000109/WC500056580.pdf |title=Scientific discussion for the approval of RILUTEK |date=2004-01-01 | format=PDF |publisher=[[Europäische Arzneimittelagentur]] |pages=12 |language=en |accessdate= 2010-08-10}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid11929256">{{cite journal | author = Isomura S, Hoffman TZ, Wirsching P, Janda KD | title = Synthesis, properties, and reactivity of cocaine benzoylthio ester possessing the cocaine absolute configuration | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 124 | issue = 14 | pages = 3661–3668 | year = 2002 | month = April | pmid = 11929256 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja012376y | accessdate = 2010-04-07}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid1192925">{{cite journal| author=Isomura S, Hoffman TZ, Wirsching P, Janda KD| title=Synthesis, properties, and reactivity of cocaine benzoylthio ester possessing the cocaine absolute configuration. | journal=J Am Chem Soc | year= 2002 | volume= 124 | issue= 14 | pages= 3661–3668 | pmid=11929256
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11929256}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid15548587">{{cite journal| author=Usmani OS, Belvisi MG, Patel HJ, Crispino N, Birrell MA, Korbonits M et al.| title=Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough. | journal=FASEB J | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 231-3 | pmid=15548587
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15548587 | doi=10.1096/fj.04-1990fje | quote= These data indicate the actions of theobromine appear to be peripherally mediated. We conclude theobromine is a novel and promising treatment, which may form the basis for a new class of antitussive drugs. }}</ref>
*{{Literatur
|Autor=P. Altmeyer
|Titel=Enzyklopädie der Dermatologie, Venerologie, Allergologie, Umweltmedizin
|Datum=2008
|ISBN=978-3-540-41361-5
|Kommentar=Eintrag ''Id-Reaktion''
|Online=[http://132.187.10.79/login/n/h/1921_1.htm Online]
|Abruf=2010-03-08}}
{{cite book |author=[[Louis Lewin]] |authorlink= |title=Phantastica - Die betäubenden und erregenden Genußmittel - Für Ärzte und Nichtärzte |edition= |language=de |publisher=Voltmedia GmbH |location= Paderborn |year=2005 |origyear= |pages=508 |quote= |isbn=978-3-937229-68-3 |url=[http://books.google.ch/books?id=5GPthV9MyccC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lewin+Louis+Phantastica&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Hier online (englisch)] |accessdate=}}
{{cite book | author = M. Stucker; Altmeyer, Peter; M. Bacharach-Buhles; N. Buhles; Brockmeyer, Neal H.; M. Herde | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = Springer Enzyklopädie Dermatologie, Allergologie, Umweltmedizin | edition = | language = | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | year = 2002 | origyear = | pages = | quote = | isbn = 3-540-41361-8 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = 2010-03-08 }}
{{cite journal | author = Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, Pineo G, Chen D, Hornick P | title = Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE-2): a randomised double-blind trial | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9717 | pages = 807–815 | year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20206776 |url = | issn = | accessdate = 2010-03-25}}
<ref name="bfarm.de">{{cite web | url =http://www.bfarm.de/cln_028/nn_1095560/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Pharmakovigilanz/roteHandBriefe/2010/reductil,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/reductil.pdf | title =Ruhen der Marktzulassung für Reductil® (Wirkstoff Sibutramin) wegen der
Beobachtung eines erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risikos im Rahmen der SCOUT-Studie | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2010-01-22| format = | accessdate = 2010-02-01}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.bfarm.de/cln_028/nn_1095560/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Pharmakovigilanz/roteHandBriefe/2010/reductil,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/reductil.pdf Ruhen der Marktzulassung für Reductil wegen der Beobachtung eines erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risikos im Rahmen der SCOUT-Studie] Rote Hand Brief vom 22. Januar 2010</ref>
{{cite web |url=http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970935765&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=970935765.pdf |title=Genetische Defekte im renalen Cystintransport und ihre Bedeutung für die Cystinurie |author= Christa Schmidt|date=2004 |format=PDF |work= Dissertation der Fakultät für Biologie der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen|publisher= |pages= 133| accessdate=2010-01-16}}
{{cite journal | author = Duschek S, Muckenthaler M, Werner N, del Paso GA | title = Relationships between features of autonomic cardiovascular control and cognitive performance | journal = Biological Psychology | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 110–117 | year = 2009 | month = May | pmid = 19428975 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.03.003 | url = | issn = | accessdate = 2010-01-27}}
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* [[Christof Schaefer ; Doreen Hannemann ; Horst Spielmann ; Klaus Vetter ; Corinna Weber-Schöndorfer]]: ''Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit'' [[München [u.a.] : Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, 2007.]], ISBN 978-3-437-21332-8
* Christof Schaefer ; Doreen Hannemann ; Horst Spielmann ; Klaus Vetter ; Corinna Weber-Schöndorfer: ''Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit'' München [u.a.] : Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, 2007., ISBN 978-3-437-21332-8
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== Literatur ==
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<ref name="pmid18325779">{{cite journal | author = Siniscalco D, Giordano C, Fuccio C, ''et al.'' | title = Involvement of subtype 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in apoptosis and caspase-7 over-expression in spinal cord of neuropathic rats | journal = Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 223–233 | year = 2008 | month = March | pmid = 18325779 | pmc = 2424141 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.01.007 | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1043-6618(08)00017-0 | accessdate = 2009-12-05}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid9401972">{{cite journal | author = Lee K, Boden PR | title = Characterization of the inward current induced by metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation in rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurones | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 504 ( Pt 3) | issue = | pages = 649–663 | year = 1997 | month = November | pmid = 9401972 | pmc = 1159968 | doi = | url = http://www.jphysiol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9401972 | accessdate = 2009-12-05}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid10671907">{{cite journal | author = Gross AS, Eichelbaum M, Mörike K, Mikus G | title = Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of R- and S-gallopamil during multiple dosing | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 132–138 | year = 2000 | month = February | pmid = 10671907 | pmc = 2014898 |accessdate = 2009-12-09}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid17107647">{{cite journal | author = Soler E, Thépot D, Rival-Gervier S, Jolivet G, Houdebine LM | title = Preparation of recombinant proteins in milk to improve human and animal health | journal = Reproduction, Nutrition, Development | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 579–588 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17107647 | url = http://rnd.edpsciences.org/articles/rnd/pdf/2006/06/r6505.pdf | accessdate = 2009-12-12}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid19966941">{{cite journal | author = Handorean AM, Yang K, Robbins EW, Flaig TW, Iczkowski KA | title = Silibinin suppresses CD44 expression in prostate cancer cells | journal = American Journal of Translational Research | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 80–86 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19966941 | pmc = 2776293 | accessdate = 2009-12-13}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid18567676">{{cite journal | author = Holbrook SP, Quinn A | title = An unusual explanation for low oxygen saturation | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 101 | issue = 3 | pages = 350–353 | year = 2008 | month = September | pmid = 18567676 | doi = 10.1093/bja/aen183 | url = http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18567676 | issn = | accessdate = 2009-12-18}}</ref>
<references />
Es ist außerdem Bestandteil von [[Günzburgs Reagenz]] – einer alkoholischen Lösung von Phloroglucin und [[Vanillin]] zum qualitativen Nachweis der freien [[Salzsäure]] im [[Magensaft]].
[[Datei:Copaxone Injection Site Reaction.JPG|hochkant=1|mini|Injection Site Reaction - Upper Left Arm]]
[[Datei:Caffeine citrate.svg|links|mini|hochkant=1|Struktur von Coffeincitrat]]
Coffeincitrat, Coffein-Citronensäure-Gemisch (ASK),
[[Nomenklatur (Chemie)|Nomenklatur]] nach [[IUPAC]]: 1,3,7-Trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-2H-purin-2,6-dion + 2-Hydroxypropan-1,2,3-tricarbonsäure, hat die [[Summenformel]] C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>18</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub>, eine [[molare Masse]] von 386,31 [[Gramm|g]]·[[mol]]<sup>−1</sup> und die [[CAS-Nummer]] 69-22-7. Es ist ein weißes [[kristallin]]es Pulver, löslich 1:4 in heissem Wasser (Dissoziation), 1:25 in Ethanol 96 %.<ref name="Martindale">Sean Sweetman (Hrsg.): ''Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 35th Edition: Book and CD-ROM Package''. Pharmaceutical Press, ISBN 978-0-85369-704-6</ref> Der [[Anatomisch-Therapeutisch-Chemisches Klassifikationssystem|ATC-Code]] ist ''N06BC01''.
{{Absatz|links}}
[[WP:FAS]]
* '''Handelsnamen''' sollten in einem separaten Abschnitt – alphabetisch sortiert und durch Kommata getrennt – nach den Einzelnachweisen stehen, dazu sollte stehen in welchem Land der Name gilt (A) (CH) (D). Ist ein Medikament im deutschsprachigen Raum nur unter einem Markennamen erhältlich, kann dieser direkt im ersten Satz hinter dem Lemma erwähnt werden.
[[Wikipedia:Redaktion Medizin/Leitlinien#M. Aufführen bekannter Persönlichkeiten|Aufführen bekannter Persönlichkeiten]]
#[[Handelsname]]n können als Weiterleitung auf den Arzneistoffartikel angelegt werden. Dort sollen diese Weiterleitungen alphabetisch sortiert, durch Kommata getrennt, unter einer Überschrift „Handelsnamen“ am Ende des Artikels aufgeführt sein. Gegebenenfalls sind Monopräparate und Kombinationspräparate getrennt aufzulisten. Wenn das Arzneimittel im deutschsprachigen Raum nur unter einem Handelsnamen erhältlich ist, soll dieser in der Einleitung erwähnt werden. Das gesonderte Anführen in der [[Wikipedia:Formatvorlage Arzneistoff]] ist damit verzichtbar.
{{Rechtshinweis illegale Droge Anlage 2|Meprobamat}}
{{cite book |author=Davis, Neil M. |title=Medical abbreviations: 15, 000 conveniences at the expense of communications and safety |publisher=N.M. Davis Associates |location=Huntingdon Valley, Pa |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-931431-10-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
{{cite book | author = Davis, Neil M. | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = Medical abbreviations: 15, 000 conveniences at the expense of communications and safety | edition =10. | language = en| publisher = N.M. Davis Associates | location = Huntingdon Valley, Pa | year = 2001 | pages = | quote = | isbn = 0-931431-10-7 | oclc = |accessdate = }}
<ref name="pmid18809554">{{cite journal | author = Nakaminami H, Noguchi N, Ikeda M, ''et al.'' | title = Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 273 exfoliative toxin-encoding-gene-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with impetigo in Japan | journal = Journal of Medical Microbiology | volume = 57 | issue = Pt 10 | pages = 1251–1258 | year = 2008 | month = October | pmid = 18809554 | doi = 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002824-0 | accessdate = 2009-08-07}}</ref>
<ref name="vetpharm">{{cite web |url=http://www.vetpharm.uzh.ch/wir/00006610/4221__F.htm |title=Wirkstoffdaten für Pergolid | author=Institut für Veterinärpharmakologie und -toxikologie der UNIVERSITÄT ZÜRICH |language=De |accessdate = 2010-08-06}}</ref>
<references />
{{ISSN|0385-5414}}
03855414
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bohren-nein-danke.de/upload/files/download//z_downloads_1_ICON_WisDok_deutsch.pdf | title =Mikroinvasive Behandlung der Karies durch Infiltration von Kunststoffen| author = | date =| format = PDF 2,19 MB| work =Aus der Wissenschaft in die Praxis, eine Studienübersicht | publisher = | pages = 42| language =de | accessdate = 2009-09-24}}</ref>
<references />
{{cite web | url = http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6593/1/Boos_Dominik.pdf | title = Separase: Regulation, Funktion und neue Substrate | author = Diplom-Biologe Dominik Boos| date = März 2007| format = PDF| work =Dissertation der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München | publisher = | pages = | language = | accessdate = 2009-05-18}}
{{Zitat
|Text=Aus dem Lat. Morsellus. dem Diminut von Morsus, welches in den mittlern Zeiten sehr oft für ein kleines Stück überhaupt vorkommt; Franz. Morceau.
ein in den Apotheken übliches Wort, eine Arzeney zu bezeichnen, welche mit Zucker vermischt in kleinen festen länglichen viereckigen Stücken bereitet wird, und wovon die '''Magen–Morsellen''' eine Art sind.
Die '''Morsellen''' und '''Rotulen''' sind eigentlich harte Latwergen, bey denen die Pulver, frische und eingemachte Früchte, mit einem so stark eingekochten Zucker vermischt werden, der, nachdem er erkaltet, hart wird; sie unterscheiden sich bloß dadurch, daß erstere meistentheils aus mehrerem und gröberem Pulver bestehen und von viereckiger Form sind; letztere aber weniger, doch allemahl feines Pulver enthalten und rund sind. Der Zucker zu diesen Arzeneyen muß ungleich härter, als beym Zuckersafte, eingekocht seyn. Man löset ihn nähmlich in wenigem Wasser auf (auf 4 Pfund Zucker sind 12 Unzen Wasser zureichend), und nachdem der Schaum abgenommen ist, läßt man ihn so lange über dem Feuer stehen, bis, daß wenn man einige Tropfen von dem Spatel in einer geringen Höhe fallen läßt, diese Tropfen einen sehr langen oder dünnen Faden ziehen, oder, wenn man etwas von dem Spatel mit einer Geschwindigkeit in die Luft wirft, dasselbe als eine höchst dünne feine Haut oder Spinnewebe erscheinet. Wenn er diese Dicke hat, so sagt man, er sey ad consistentiam tabulandi gekocht. Man nimmt ihn sogleich vom Feuer, und rührt ihn in der Pfanne mit einem Spatel so lange, bis er an den Seiten undurchsichtig zu werden anfängt, welches man das Absterben des Zuckers nennt. Dieses Absterben wird befördert, wenn ihm gleich anfangs, sobald er vom Feuer genommen worden, etwas starker Weingeist zugesetzt wird. Zuletzt schüttet man die Species zu, und nachdem man sie gut durchmischt hat, gießt man die Masse, wenn es Morsellen werden sollen, in eine befeuchtete hölzerne Form aus, und nachdem sie etwas erkaltet, wird sie mit einem Messer in längliche Vierecke zerschnitten. Sollen es aber '''Rotulen''' werden, so läßt man den Zucker tropfenweise aus der Pfanne auf ein Blech fallen (welches man das '''Rotuliren''' nennt), kalt werden, damit sie erhärten, und nachher macht man das Blech wärmlich, da sie sich denn leicht abschieben lassen.
Wenn zu den Morsellen viele und dabey feine Pulver kommen sollen, so müssen diese, sobald der Zucker vom Feuer abgenommen wird, zugemischet und auch eher ausgegossen werden, ausgenommen in dem Fall, wenn die Pulver mit Spießglanz oder Eisenfeil gemischt sind. Was das Verhältniß der Pulver oder Species zu diesen Bereitungen anbetrifft, so kann man hier eben nichts gewisses festsetzen. Auf ein Pfund Zucker kann man zu den Morsellen 1–4 Unzen Species nehmen; zu den Rotulen aber, denen allezeit feine Pulver beygemischt werden, muß eine geringere Menge genommen werden, weil es mit dem Rotuliren allezeit ungleich langsamer hergeht, und der Zucker zu geschwind absterben möchte. Geschieht dieses allenfalls, so tröpfelt man zu dem übrigen einige Tropfen Wasser zu, erwärmt es etwas und fährt dann mit dem Rotuliren fort.
Diejenigen Morsellen und Rotulen aber, zu denen ein säuerlicher Saft, als Zitronen– und Berberbeerensaft genommen wird, gehen von der vorher angezeigten Bereitung ab. Wollte man diese, so wie jene, mit den sauren Säften kochen, so würden sie nie können trocken erhalten werden. Gewöhnlich werden sie auf diese Art verfertiget, daß man den Zucker fein stoßen und über gelindem Feuer an sich erwärmen läßt, und alsdenn so wenig als möglich Saft zumischt, um ohne alles Kochen die Consistenz zu erhalten. Auf ein Pfund Zucker nimmt man höchstens zwey Unzen Saft. Sonst aber gerathen die Zitronen–Morsellen sehr gut, wenn man den Zucker mit Wasser zu einer stärkern Consistenz, als gewöhnlich, einkocht, und dann, wenn er unter dem Rühren zu ersterben anfängt, den Zitronensaft zumischet und geschwinde ausgießt. Um die '''Manna–Morsellen''' (Manna tabulata) ohne Zucker zu machen, wird die Manna in höchst wenigem Wasser aufgelöst, warm durchgeseihet und zu Morsellen ausgegossen. Kommt etwas zu vieles Wasser hinzu, so gerinnt sie nicht, sondern bleibt stets zähe und klar.
|Autor=S. Hagen
|Quelle=''Lehrbuch der Apothekerkunst''; 3te Aufl. Königsberg und Leipzig 1786. S. 855–857}}
*{{cite book |author=Mario Gmür |title=Die Unfähigkeit zu zweifeln |publisher=Klett Cotta Verlag |location=Stuttgart |year=2006 |pages=336 |isbn=3-608-94093-6 |accessdate=}}
* Mario Gmür: ''Die Unfähigkeit zu zweifeln''. Klett Cotta Verlag, ISBN 978-3-608-94093-0
ISBN 978-3-89599-166-0
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
| [[Datei:Ampicillin-2D-skeletal.png|200px]] || [[Datei:Sulbactam.svg|100px]] || [[Datei:Sultamicillin schematic.svg|220px]]
|-
| [[Strukturformel]] von [[Ampicillin]] || Strukturformel von [[Sulbactam]] || Strukturformel von [[Sultamicillin]], blau = Ampicillin orange = Sulbactam
|}
*{{Literatur
|Autor=Corina Raab
|Titel=Illegale Drogen: Konstruktion eines modularen Inventars zur Erfassung von kognitiv-behavioralen Risiko- und Protektivfaktoren
|Verlag=Vdm Verlag Dr. Müller
|Datum=2008
|ISBN=978-3-8364-7241-8
|Seiten=348}}
Andrew Morgan, Christine Cofer & Dennis L Stevens: Iclaprim, a novel dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor for skin and soft tissue infections. Future Microbiol. (2009), 4(2): 131-143
Morgan A, Cofer C, Stevens DL.:''Iclaprim: a novel dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor for skin and soft tissue infections.'' Future Microbiol. (2009) Mar;4:131–144 PMID 19257839 [[doi:10.2217/17460913.4.2.131]]
[http://toolserver.org/~diberri/cgi-bin/templatefiller/ templatefiller]
[https://securesearch.acros.com/msds?for=acros&sup=acros&lang=DE&search=127960010 SDB von AMP]
Hartmut Göbel, Die Kopfschmerzen – Ursachen, Mechanismen, Diagnostik und Therapie in der Praxis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2003, 2. Auflage, ISBN 3-540-61160-6
[http://toolserver.org/~magnus/deep_insight.php?category=Arzneistoff&redirects=1 Arzneistoff-Weiterl.]
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?term=9005-71-4%7E%5Bsynonym%5D&cmd=search&db=pcsubstance Hilft das weiter?]
<ref name="Martindale">Sean Sweetman (Hrsg.): ''Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 35th Edition: Book and CD-ROM Package''. Pharmaceutical Press, ISBN 978-0-85369-704-6</ref>
* <ref>Sean Sweetman (Hrsg.): ''Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 35th Edition: Book and CD-ROM Package''. Pharmaceutical Press, ISBN 0-85369-704-3</ref>
<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=H.N. Morse |Titel=Ueber eine neue Darstellungsmethode der Acetylamidophenole |Sammelwerk=Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft |Band=232 |Nummer=11 |Datum=1878 |Seiten=232–233 |DOI=10.1002/cber.18780110151}}</ref>.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journalonko.de/aktuellview.php?id=1244|title=Therapiemanagement: Capecitabin und das Hand-Fuß-Syndrom|accessdate=2009-04-13|author=Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau|year=2006|format=html|language=deutsch}}</ref>
<ref name="fi">[http://www.drugs.com/pro/levobunolol.html ''FDA-Fachinformation für Levobunolol bei Drugs.com'']</ref>
*[http://www.roche.de/datenblaetter/index.htm?sid=3bb4434f49bc954f942d1d3e27c3a195&country=DE&lang=DE&material_no=10831620103&search_mat=Suchen+%2F+Search&lang=DE&country=DE MSDS]
<ref>Robyn J Barst:''A review of pulmonary arterial hypertension: role of ambrisentan'' Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007 March; 3(1): 11–22.[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17583171 Volltext (HTML)] [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1994051&blobtype=pdf Volltext (PDF 1,1 MB)] PMID 17583171</ref>
* [http://www.arznei-telegramm.de/db/akb.php3?&knr=&nummer=Magaldrat Magaldrat bei arznei-telegramm<sup>®</sup>]
*[http://sunset-clause.dimdi.de/muster/OBF1722AC6A601C7D29E.rtf Mustertext für Magaldrat, Stand 2003]
[[Spezial:Beiträge/Inkogn!to|5 Minuten]]
<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PDPN podoplanin| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10630| accessdate = }}</ref>
<ref name="fi">[http://sunset-clause.dimdi.de/muster/OBF1A5DC811201C7D2A1.rtf ''Fachinformation (Mustertext des BfArM für Simeticon), Stand: 21. Dezember 2000'']</ref>
<ref name="pmid19257839">{{cite journal |author=Morgan A, Cofer C, Stevens DL |title=Iclaprim: a novel dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor for skin and soft tissue infections |journal=[[Future Microbiology]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=131–44 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19257839 |doi=10.2217/17460913.4.2.131 |url=http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/17460913.4.2.131?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref>
<ref name=" ISBN 0-911910-00-X">{{cite book | author = O'Neil, Maryadele J. | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals | edition = | language = | publisher = Merck | location = Rahway, N.J., U.S.A | year = 2006 | origyear = | pages = | quote = | isbn = 0-911910-00-X | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}</ref>
<ref name="pmid16424933">{{cite journal | author = Brielmaier BD | title = Eszopiclone (Lunesta): a new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent | journal = [[Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–9 | year = 2006 | month = January | pmid = 16424933 | pmc = 1325284 | doi = | url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1325284| issn = | accessdate = 2009-04-26}}</ref>
<references />
{{Wiktionary|Euthanasie}}
* [http://www.klinische-toxikologie.de/fileadmin/DOKUMENTE/Mitteilungen/GfKT_Mitteilung_Paracetamol_2008-03-20.pdf Vergiftungen mit Paracetamol in DE]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%28%22sildenafil%22%5BSubstance+Name%5D+OR+%22sildenafil%22%5BAll+Fields%5D%29+AND+%22loattrfree+full+text%22%5BFilter%5D Sildenafil in Pubmed]
<ref>E. J. Ariëns: ''Stereochemistry, a basis for sophisticated nonsense in pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology'' Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;26(6):663–668. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/ng657086x6u73p44/fulltext.pdf Volltext (PDF)] PMID 6092093</ref>
<ref>Neera Ghaziuddin et al.:''Central Serotonergic Effects of m-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) among Normal Control Adolescents'' Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 133–139. [http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v28/n1/full/1300006a.html Volltext (HTML)][http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v28/n1/pdf/1300006a.pdf Volltext (PDF)] PMID 12496949</ref>
<ref>Topaloglu et al.:''TAC3 and TACR3 Mutations in Familial Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Reveal a Key Role for Neurokinin B in the Central Control of Reproduction.'' Nat Genet. 2008 Dec 11. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/extref/ng.306-S1.pdf Supplementary Notes (PDF)] PMID 19079066 [[doi:10.1038/ng.306]]</ref>
<ref>N.M. Page et al.:''Gene regulation of neurokinin B and its receptor NK3 in late pregnancy and pre-eclampsia'' Molecular Human Reproduction 2006 12(7):427–433 [http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/12/7/427#top Volltext (HTML)] [http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/7/427.pdf Volltext (PDF)] PMID 16709596</ref>
<ref>Huxtable RJ, Schwarz SK.:''The isolation of morphine--first principles in science and ethics'' Mol Interv. 2001 Oct;1(4):189–191. [http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/1/4/189 Volltext (HTML)] [http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/4/189.pdf Volltext (PDF)] PMID 14993340</ref>
<ref name="fi">[http://sunset-clause.dimdi.de/muster/OBF11616FF0E01C7D291.rtf ''Fachinformation für: Gallopamilhydrochlorid''] (Mustertext des [[Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte|BfArM]]), Stand: 1. April 2004</ref>
<ref>Heiner K. Berthold, MD, PhD et al.:''Effect of Policosanol on Lipid Levels Among Patients With Hypercholesterolemia or Combined Hyperlipidemia – A Randomized Controlled Trial'' JAMA. 2006;295(19):2262–2269 [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/19/2262 Volltext (HTML)] [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/295/19/2262.pdf Volltext (PDF)] PMID 16705107 [[doi:10.1001/jama.295.19.2262]]</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peppard WJ, Schuenke CD |title=Iclaprim, a diaminopyrimidine dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor for the potential treatment of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal infections |journal=Curr Opin Investig Drugs |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=210–25 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18246524 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid17222320">{{cite journal | author = Smith JP, Stock H, Bingaman S, Mauger D, Rogosnitzky M, Zagon IS | title = Low-dose naltrexone therapy improves active Crohn's disease | journal = [[The American Journal of Gastroenterology]] | volume = 102 | issue = 4 | pages = 820–828 | year = 2007 | month = April | pmid = 17222320 | doi = 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01045.x | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01045.x | accessdate = 2009-05-12}}</ref>
== Klinische Angaben ==
=== Anwendungsgebiete (Indikationen) ===
schwere polymikrobielle Infektionen: Infektionen des Gastrointestinaltraktes, Infektionen der
unteren Atemwege, gynäkologische Infektionen, Sepsis, urogenitale Infektionen, Infektionen der
Knochen und Gelenke, Infektionen der Haut und Weichteile, Endokarditis;
=== Verwendung als Orphan-Arzneimittel ===
Bei [[Therapie|therapeutischen]] [[Dosis|Dosierungen]] von Cetirizin wurden im Zusammenhang mit der Einnahme von [[Ethanol|Alkohol]] – bei einer [[Plasmaspiegel|Plasmakonzentration]] von 0,5 Gramm/Liter – keine klinisch signifikanten [[Arzneimittelwechselwirkung]]en festgestellt. Dennoch ist bei gleichzeitiger Einnahme mit Alkohol Vorsicht geboten.
Auf Grund der Pharmakokinetik, Pharmakodynamik und des Verträglichkeitsprofils von Cetirizin sind keine Wechselwirkungen mit diesem Antihistaminikum zu erwarten. Tatsächlich wurden weder pharmakodynamische noch signifikante pharmakokinetische Wechselwirkungen in durchgeführten Interaktionsstudien berichtet, insbesondere nicht mit [[Pseudoephedrin]] und [[Theophyllin]] (400 mg/Tag). Das Ausmaß der [[Resorption]] von Cetirizin wird durch [[Ernährung|Nahrungsaufnahme]] nicht vermindert, obwohl die Resorptionsgeschwindigkeit herabgesetzt ist.
Seit dem 1. September 2009 ist das erste zugelassene Fentanyl-[[Nasenspray]] – (''Instanyl<sup>®</sup>'' von [[Nycomed]]) – gegen Durchbruchschmerz auf dem europäischen Markt erhältlich. Das Medikament ist indiziert für die Behandlung von Durchbruchschmerzen bei Erwachsenen, die bereits eine Opioid-Basistherapie gegen ihre chronischen Tumorschmerzen erhalten.
<ref>[http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/silodyx/silodyx.htm ''European Public Assessment Report for Silodyx<sup>®</sup>''] auf der Website der [[Europäische Arzneimittelagentur|Europäischen Arzneimittelagentur]], Abgerufen am 20. Juni 2010.</ref>
<ref>[http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/urorec/urorec.htm ''European Public Assessment Report for Urorec<sup>®</sup>''] auf der Website der [[Europäische Arzneimittelagentur|Europäischen Arzneimittelagentur]], Abgerufen am 20. Juni 2010.</ref>
==== Chemische und pharmazeutische Angaben ====
[[Datei:Caffeine citrate.svg|mini|links|Struktur von Coffeincitrat]]
Coffeincitrat, Coffein-Citronensäure-Gemisch (ASK),
[[Nomenklatur (Chemie)|Nomenklatur]] nach [[IUPAC]]: ''1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, mixt. with 3,7-dihydro-
1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione'', hat die [[Summenformel]] C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>18</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub>, eine [[molare Masse]] von 386,31 [[Gramm|g]]·[[mol]]<sup>−1</sup> und die [[CAS-Nummer]] 69-22-7. Es ist ein weißes [[kristallin]]es Pulver, löslich 1:4 in heissem Wasser (Dissoziation), 1:25 in Ethanol 96 %. Der [[Anatomisch-Therapeutisch-Chemisches Klassifikationssystem|ATC-Code]] ist ''N06BC01''
== Pharmakologische Eigenschaften ==
=== Wirkungsmechanismus (Pharmakodynamik) ===
Cilastatin ist ein spezifischer Hemmer des Enzyms Dehydropeptidase-I und ein wirksamer Hemmstoff des Imipenem-Metabolismus, so dass die gleichzeitige Anwendung von Imipenem und Cilastatin es ermöglicht, therapeutische, antibakteriell wirksame Imipenem-Spiegel sowohl im Urin als auch im Plasma zu erreichen. Das Verhältnis von Cilastatin und Imipenem beträgt bei allen Medikamenten 1:1.
=== Aufnahme und Verteilung im Körper (Pharmakokinetik) ===
;Distribution
Nach einer 20minütigen [[intravenös]]en Infusion betrugen die Spitzenplasmawerte für Cilastatin 21 bis 26 μg/ml (Mittelwert 22 μg/ml) bei der 250 mg-Dosis, nach einer 500 mg-Dosis 21 bis 55 μg/ml (Mittelwert 42 μg/ml) und 56 bis 88 μg/ml (Mittelwert 72 μg/ml) für die 1000 mg-Dosis.
Die [[Proteinbindung|Plasmaproteinbindung]] von Cilastatin beträgt ungefähr 40 %.
Der Wirkstoff passiert die [[Plazenta#Plazentaschranke|Plazentaschranke]] und verteilt sich im [[Nabelschnurblut]] und in der [[Fruchtwasser|Amnionflüssigkeit]] (Fruchtwasser). Ob er in die [[Muttermilch]] übertritt, ist nicht bekannt.
;[[Stoffwechsel|Metabolismus]] und [[Elimination (Pharmakokinetik)|Elimination]]
Die [[Plasmahalbwertszeit]] von Cilastatin beträgt circa eine Stunde. Etwa 70–80 % des verabreichten Cilastatins wurde unverändert im Urin innerhalb von 10 Stunden wiedergefunden. Nach diesem Zeitpunkt wurde kein weiteres Cilastatin mehr im Urin festgestellt. Etwa 10 % wurden als N-Acetyl-[Metabolit]] nachgewiesen, dessen hemmende Aktivität gegen die Dehydropeptidase-I vergleichbar mit der von Cilastatin ist. Die Aktivität der Dehydropeptidase-I in der Niere erreicht kurz nach der Elimination von Cilastatin aus dem Blut wieder die Normalwerte. Bei gleichzeitiger Anwendung mit [[Probenecid]] verdoppelten sich [[Plasmaspiegel]] und Halbwertszeit von Cilastatin, die Urinrecovery von Cilastatin blieb unbeeinflusst.
<ref name="fda">{{cite web | url =http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/eua/Final%20HCP%20Fact%20sheet%20Peramivir%20IV_CDC.pdf | title =Peramivir EUA, Fact Sheet for HCP Authorized by FDA on October 23, 2009 | format =PDF | pages = 42| language =en | accessdate = 2009-11-04}}</ref>
<!-- === Toxikologie === -->
== Sonstige Informationen ==
<!-- === Chemische und pharmazeutische Informationen ===
-->
<!-- === Geschichtliches ===
-->
<references />
== Weblinks ==
{{Wiktionary|Paracetamol}}
{{Commonscat|Paracetamol|Paracetamol}}
[http://www.maybridge.com/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__en/tabID__148/DesktopDefault.aspx] Eingabe BTB13290
*[http://www.msd.de/htbin/msdmanual.pl?m=11-12-2 Polycythaemia Vera] in [[Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy]] Professional Edition
<ref name="FDA">{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm175046.htm |title=FDA Approves New Cholesterol-Lowering Drug |format= |accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref>
<references />
== MeshName ==
{{MeshName|Enzyme+Multiplied+Immunoassay+Technique}}
{{MeshName|spinocerebellar+ataxia+13+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|M2+protein,+Influenza+A+virus}}
[[Vorlage:MeshName]]
{{Rechtshinweis illegale Droge Anlage 2|Vinylbital}}
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=sca13 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type13 bei GeneReviews]
<ref name="ChemIDplus">{{ChemID|815610-63-0}}</ref>
<references />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=605259 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type13 bei OMIM]
<math>C_{max}</math>
<math>t_{lag}</math>
<math>t_{max}</math>
<math>C_{min}</math>
<math>t_{1/2}</math>
[[Wikipedia:WikiProjekt Vorlagenauswertung/news]]
{{cite journal|author = L. Dupont, O. Dideberg, J. Lamotte-Brasseur et L. Angenot| title = Structure cristalline et moléculaire de la picrotoxine, C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O<sub>7</sub>|journal = Acta Cryst.|year = 1976| volume = B32| pages = 2987–2993|language = French|doi = 10.1107/S0567740876009424|accessdate = 2009-05-19}}
== Weblinks ==
* {{cite journal |author=Ehrenberger K, Benkoe E, Felix D |title=Suppressive action of picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, on labyrinthine spontaneous nystagmus and vertigo in man |journal=Acta Otolaryngol. |volume=93 |issue=3-4 |pages=269–73 |year=1982 |pmid=7064710 |doi=10.3109/00016488209130882}}
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=bnchm.section.1181 Basic Neurochemistry: GABA Receptor Physiology and Pharmacology]
[[doi:10.1152/jn.00300.2004]]
*[[doi:10.1007/s00103-009-0771-2]]
[[doi:10.1159/000209090]]
[[doi:10.1107/S0567740876009424]]
DOI:10.1159/000209090
[http://toolserver.org/~magnus/commonshelper.php Nach Commons verschieben]
[[doi:10.1002/pauz.200600221]]
[http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/CategoryIntersect.php?wikilang=de&wikifam=.wikipedia.org&basecat=ATC-Code&basedeep=2&mode=ts&templates=ATC&untagged=on&go=Scannen&userlang=de ATC-Scan]
[http://tools.wikimedia.de/~daniel/WikiSense/CategoryIntersect.php?wikilang=de&wikifam=.wikipedia.org&basecat=Arzneistoff&basedeep=6&mode=ts&templates=Infobox+Arzneistoff&go=Scannen&userlang=de Alte Infoboxen]
<ref>Feenstra J. et al. ''Drug-induced hepatitis in an acromegalic patient during combined treatment with pegvisomant and octreotide long-acting repeatable attributed to the use of pegvisomant'' Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):805-6 PMID 16728538 [http://eje-online.org/cgi/reprint/154/6/805.pdf Full Text (PDF)]</ref>
<ref>M. Schachter et al.: ''Fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of cataplexy'' J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980 February;43(2):171–174 PMID 6766990[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=490494&blobtype=pdf Volltext (PDF)]</ref>
<ref>Gustafson RA. et al.:''Urinary cannabinoid detection times after controlled oral administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol to humans.'' Clin Chem. 2003 Jul;49(7):1114-24. PMID 12816908 [http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/49/7/1114 Volltext HTML]</ref>
<ref>Yuan CS. et al.:''Effects of subcutaneous methylnaltrexone on morphine-induced peripherally mediated side effects: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.'' J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):118-23. PMID 11752106 [http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/300/1/118 Volltext HTML]</ref>
<ref>Coen A. et al. ''TRIMETHOPRIM–SULFAMETHOXAZOLE (CO-TRIMOXAZOLE) FOR THE PREVENTION OF RELAPSES OF WEGENER’S GRANULOMATOSIS'' N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1769-1770, Dec 5, 1996 PMID 8637536 [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/335/1/16.pdf Full Text (PDF)]</ref>
<ref>Singleton PA. et al. ''Attenuation of Vascular Permeability by Methylnaltrexone Role of mOP-R and S1P3 Transactivation'' Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol Vol 37. pp 222–231, 2007 [http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/2/222.pdf Volltext (PDF)] PMID 17395891</ref>
<ref name="EUSPC">TOVIAZ<sup>®</sup>: [http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/toviaz/emea-combined-h723de.pdf Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels, Stand: Oktober 2008] auf der Website der [[Europäische Arzneimittelagentur|Europäischen Arzneimittelagentur]](EMEA)</ref>
<ref>James G. MacLean:''Treatment of Acne with Prothipendyl'' Can Med Assoc J. 1961 February 25; 84(8): 427–430 PMID 13764951 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1939286&blobtype=pdf Full Text (PDF)]</ref>
<ref>Fleetwood JF:''The Treatment of Mental Symptoms in the Aged with PROTHIPENDYL (TOLNATE)'' J Coll Gen Pract. 1964 Sep;8:262-6 PMID 14199907[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1878127&blobtype=pdf Full Text (PDF)]</ref>
<ref>ALLEN B. et al.: ''THE ANTISIALOGOGUE EFFECT OF PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVES: COMPARISON OF PROMAINE, LEVOMEPROMAZINE, TRIFLUOPERAZINE, PROCLORPERAZINE, METHDILAZINE AND PROTHIPENDYL'' Anesthesiology. 21(3):260-262, May/June 1960 [http://www.anesthesiology.org/pt/re/anes/pdfhandler.00000542-196005000-00005.pdf;jsessionid=LNJRwQgT0kgzZDyzk5LhRYWPsQ1ppmNTQyCQkFtwzgq2xyn6W1qL!612563345!181195628!8091!-1 Full Text (PDF)]</ref>
<ref>Hagedorn HW. et al. ''Prothipendyl: detection and elimination in the horse--a case report'' Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1996 Apr;103(4):125-7 PMID 8925772</ref>
<ref>Tzschentke TM et al.:''(-)-(1R,2R)-3-(3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)-phenol hydrochloride (tapentadol HCl): a novel mu-opioid receptor agonist/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with broad-spectrum analgesic properties.'' J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Oct;323(1):265-76. Epub 2007 Jul 26. [http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/323/1/265 Volltext (HTML)] [http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/reprint/323/1/265.pdf Volltext (PDF)]
PMID 17656655</ref>
<ref>Karavitaki N. et al. ''Pegvisomant: a new treatment modality for acromegaly'' Hormones (Athens). 2004 Jan-Mar;3(1):27-36. PMID 16982575 [http://hormones.gr/preview.php?c_id=71 Full Text]</ref>
<ref>{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/awmf/ll/013-035.htm|Phototoxische und photoallergische Reaktionen|S1|Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft|2/2007}}</ref>
<ref>{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/025-009.htm|Medulloblastom im Kindes- und Jugendalter|S1|Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH)|10/2008}}</ref>
<ref>Schwahn BC. et al. ''Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria'' Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Jan;55(1):6-13. PMID 12534635 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1884185&blobtype=pdf Full Text PDF]</ref>
<ref>Schwahn BC. et al. ''Betaine rescue of an animal model with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency'' Biochem J. 2004 Sep 15;382(Pt 3):831-40. PMID 15217352 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1133958&blobtype=pdf Full Text PDF]</ref>
== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />
{{Wikibooks|Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Magen-Darm-Trakt#Entschäumer|Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Magen-Darm-Trakt-Entschäumer}}
{{Wikibooks|Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Sympathikus#Selektive .CE.B11-Blocker|Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Sympathikus-Selektive α1-Blocker}}
{{Wikibooks|Lunge: Anatomie#Anatomie Aufbau|Anatomie der Lunge}}
{{Wikibooks|Lunge: Anatomie#Feinbau|Anatomie der Lunge}}
http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pharmakologie_und_Toxikologie:_Sympathikus#Selektive_.CE.B11-Blocker
→ ''Hauptartikel: [[K.-o.-Tropfen]]''
→ ''Hauptartikel: [[Mukoviszidose]] ''
{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/nvl-003l.pdf|COPD|S3|Nationalen Programm für Versorgungs-Leitlinien von Bundesärztekammer, AWMF und KBV|02/2010}}
{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/005-003.htm|Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms|S3|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie|11/2006}}
[[Vorlage:AWMF]]
{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/021-013.htm|Gastroösophageale Refluxkrankheit -Ergebnisse einer "Evidenz"-basierten Konsensuskonferenz|S3|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen|2005}}
{{AWMF|http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/017-050.htm|Riechstörungen: Leitlinie zur Epidemiologie, Pathophysiologie, Klassifikation, Diagnose und Therapie|S2|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie|05/2007}}
[http://tools.wikimedia.de/~daniel/WikiSense/CategoryIntersect.php CAT SCAN]
<ref name="BGIA GESTIS">{{GESTIS|Name=4-Aminosalicylsäure|ZVG=492363|CAS=65-49-6|Datum=06.02.2008}}</ref>
<ref name="MERCK Index">The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 14. Auflage (Merck & Co., Inc.), Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA, 2006; ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1</ref>
<ref name="Trental">[http://products.sanofi-aventis.us/trental/trental.pdf ''Englische Fachinformation für Trental<sup>®</sup> (pentoxifylline tablets) von Sanofi-aventis U.S. – Stand der Information: Oktober 2007'']</ref>
<ref>Holmes B, et al., ''Piperacillin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use''. Drugs. 1984 Nov;28(5):375-425 PMID 6391888</ref>
<ref>Martin, J.G., et al., ''In vivo airway reactivity: predictive value of morphological estimates of airway smooth muscle''. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. '''70''', 597-601, (1992) PMID 1498724</ref>
<ref>Mei, L., et al., ''Pharmacologic comparison of selected agonists for the M1 muscarinic receptor in transfected murine fibroblast cells (B82)''. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. '''256''', 689, (1991) PMID 1704434</ref>
<ref>Blosser S, et al., ''Effects of increased bronchial blood flow on airway morphometry, resistance, and reactivity.''J Appl Physiol. (1994) Apr;76(4):1624-9. PMID 8045841</ref>
<ref>In Bezug auf ihre Gefährlichkeit wurde die Substanz von der EU noch nicht eingestuft, eine verlässliche und zitierfähige Quelle hierzu wurde noch nicht gefunden.</ref>
== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />
siehe auch [[WP:RC#Verlinkung auf Synthesevorschriften]]
<ref name="BGIA GESTIS">{{GESTIS|Name= |ZVG=|CAS= |Datum= }}</ref>
<ref name="ChemIDplus">{{ChemID|}}</ref>
<ref name="sigma">[ Sicherheitsdatenblatt für ''' ''' – Sigma-Aldrich 30.12.2007]</ref>
<ref name="Merck">[ Sicherheitsdatenblatt für ''' ''' – Merckbiosciences 14.01.2008]</ref>
<ref name="RÖMPP Online">{{Literatur|Hrsg=Thieme Chemistry|Titel=RÖMPP Online - Version 3.1|Verlag=Georg Thieme Verlag KG|Ort=Stuttgart|Datum=2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Ph. Eur. 5">{{Literatur|Hrsg=Europäische Arzneibuch-Kommission|Titel=EUROPÄISCHE PHARMAKOPÖE 5. AUSGABE|Band=5.0 - 5.7|Datum=2006}}</ref>
{{löschen|Durch [[:Bild:]] ersetzt}}
{{NowCommons|Apixaban.png}}
{{subst:unsigned|Benutzername oder IP des Benutzers|Uhrzeit, Datum des unsignierten Beitrags}}
{{Wikibooks|Biologie für Mediziner}}
http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Schilddr%C3%BCse:_Biochemie#Iod_Transport_in_die_SD-Zelle:_Natrium-Iodid_Symporter
<ref name="Legalon">Fachinformation aus dem [[Arzneimittel-Kompendium der Schweiz]] für
''Legalon<sup>®</sup> SIL'' von Max Zeller Söhne – Stand: Juni 2007</ref>
{{cite journal |author=Søgaard U, Michalow J, Butler B, ''et al'' |title=A tolerance study of single and multiple dosing of the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 in healthy subjects |journal=International clinical psychopharmacology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=237-51 |year=1990 |pmid=2150527 |doi=}}
Blabla<ref>''[http://cocaine.org/gbr12909/antidepressant.html The dopamine inhibitor GBR 12909:selectivity and molecular mechanism of action]'' Eur J Pharmacol 1989 Aug 3; 166(3):493-504</ref>
<ref>[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/16/23/7416.pdf ''Differential Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine and GBR-12909:Biochemical Evidence for Divergent Neuroadaptive Changes in the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System'']The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1, 1996, 16(23):7416–7427(PDF)</ref>
<ref name="Merck">[http://www.merck-chemicals.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/Merck-International-Site/de_DE/-/USD/ShowDocument-Protected?ProductAttachmentUUID=8Oib.s1Obg8AAAEWlyJwbT4w&ProductUUID=zp.b.s1OdP0AAAEWz0twbT2. Sicherheitsdatenblatt für Morphine hydrochloride – Merck 29.12.2007]</ref>
[http://www.merck-chemicals.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/Merck-International-Site/de_DE/-/USD/ShowDocument-Protected?ProductAttachmentUUID=8Oib.s1Obg8AAAEWlyJwbT4w&ProductUUID=zp.b.s1OdP0AAAEWz0twbT2.]
<ref name="Ph. Eur.">[ Safety Data Sheet for '' '' – European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) ]</ref>
== Quellen ==
<references />
== Weblinks ==
[http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/zuerich/aktuell/aus_leidenschaft_fuer_das_detail_1.571859.html Crazy-Chemist in der NZZ]
{{Infobox ICD
| BREITE =
| 01-CODE = C07
| 01-BEZEICHNUNG = Bösartige Neubildung der Parotis
| 02-CODE = C08
| 02-BEZEICHNUNG = Bösartige Neubildung sonstiger und nicht näher bezeichneter großer Speicheldrüsen<br />[[ICD-O]] M8200/3<br /> Adenoidzystisches Karzinom
}}
{{Infobox ICD
| BREITE =
| 01-CODE = B60.8
| 01-BEZEICHNUNG = Mikrosporidiose
}}
{{Infobox ICD
| BREITE =
| 01-CODE = '''K11.5'''
| 01-BEZEICHNUNG = '''Sialolithiasis'''<br />
Sialolith<br />
Speichelstein
}}
{{Infobox ICD
| BREITE =
| 01-CODE = '''G24.0'''
| 01-BEZEICHNUNG = '''Arzneimittelinduzierte Dystonie'''<br />
Dyskinesia tarda
}}
{{Infobox ICD
| BREITE =
| 01-CODE = '''M54'''
| 01-BEZEICHNUNG = '''Rückenschmerzen'''
| 02-CODE = M54.2
| 02-BEZEICHNUNG = Zervikalneuralgie
}}
G24.0 Arzneimittelinduzierte Dystonie
Dyskinesia tarda
{{Infobox ICD
| BREITE =
| 01-CODE = '''K14.1'''
| 01-BEZEICHNUNG = '''Lingua geographica'''<br />
Exfoliatio areata linguae<br />
Glossitis migrans benigna
}}
[[Celsius|°C]]
[[Grad Celsius|°C]]
{| class="wikitable float-right"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DEFFAD"| Dosimetermethode nach ATS 200
|-
! <small>Stufe</small> || <small>Verneblungszeit</small> || <small>Atemzüge</small> || <small>Konzentration</small> || <small>Vernebelte Aerosolmenge</small> || <small>Kumulative Aerosolmenge</small>
|-
| 1. Stufe || 0,6 || 5 || 0,0625 || 2,8 || 2,8
|-
| 2. Stufe || 0,6 || 5 || 0,25 || 11,3 || 14,1
|-
| 3. Stufe ||0,6 || 5 || 1 || 45,0 || 59,1
|-
| 4. Stufe || 0,6 || 5 || 4 || 180,0 || 239,1
|-
| 5. Stufe || 0,6 || 5 || 16 || 720,0 || 959,1
|-
|}
