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Benutzer:Elrond/List of largest optical refracting telescopes

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Dies ist die Liste der größten Linsenteleskope (Refraktoren) nach Linsendurchmesser und Brennweite sortiert.

Das grüßte praktisch nutzbare Linsenteleskop der Welt ist das Yerkes Observatory mit 102 cm (40 inch) Linsendurchmesser. Es wurde für mehr als ein Jahrhundert zu astronomischen Beobachtungen genutzt.

Die meisten der klassischen Großrefraktoren nutzen ein achromatisches Dublet mit einer parallaktischen (äquatorialen) Montierung. Das größte jemals gebaute Linsenteleskop war das Grande lunette de l'exposition universelle de Paris 1900, das 1900 für die pariser Weltausstellung 1900 und nach Beendigung der Ausstellung wieder demontiert wurde. Es hatte einen Linsendurchmesser von 125 cm und wurde von einem 2 m durchmessenden Spiegel eines Heliostaten mit Licht versorgt, war aber unbeweglich horizontal montiert.

Name/Observatory Location at
debut 		Modern location name or fate Lens diameter Focal length Built Comments Image
Yerkes Observatory[1] Williams Bay, Wisconsin, USA - 102 cm (40″) 19.4 m (62′) 1897 Largest in current operation.[2]
Great Paris Exhibition Telescope of 1900 Paris 1900 Exposition Dismantled 1900 125 cm (49.21") 57 m (187 feet) 1900 Fixed lens, scrapped. Aimed via a 2m reflecting siderostat
Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope,
ORM		 La Palma,
Spain		 - 98 cm (39.37") 15 m 2002 Single element non-achromatic objective[3] combined with reflective Adaptive optics and a Schupmann corrector.
James Lick telescope
Lick Observatory		 Mount Hamilton, California, USA - 91 cm (36″) 17.6 m 1888  
Grande Lunette
Paris Observatory		 Meudon, France - 83 cm + 62 cm (32.67" + 24.40") 16.2 m 1891 Double telescope
Großer Refraktor
Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam		 Potsdam, Deutsches Kaiserreich Potsdam, Germany 80 cm + 50 cm (31.5"+19.5") 12.0 m 1899 Double telescope
Grande Lunette
Nice Observatory		 Nice, France since 1988 Côte d'Azur Observatory 77 cm (30.3″) [4][5] 17.9 m 1886 Bischoffscheim funded
William Thaw Telescope
Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh		 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA - 76 cm (30″) 14.1 m 1914 Brashear made, photographic[6]
Pulkovo observatory Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire Destroyed 76 cm (30″) 12.8 m (42 feet) 1885 Destroyed during WWII, only lens (made by Alvan Clark & Sons) survives.
28-inch Grubb Refractor
Royal Greenwich Observatory		 Greenwich, London, Great Britain - 71 cm (28″) 8.5 m 1894
Großer Refraktor
Vienna Observatory		 Vienna, Austrian Empire Vienna, Austria 69 cm (27" ) 10.5 m 1880 Largest refractor in 1880 [7]
Great Treptow Refractor
Treptow Observatory		 Berlin, Germany - 68 cm (26.77") 21 m 1896 renamed Archenhold Observatory 1946
Leander McCormick Observatory Charlottesville, Virginia, USA - 66 cm (26" ) 9.9 m 1884 completed c. 1874, installed 1884
U.S. Naval Observatory Foggy Bottom Washington, DC, USA moved to Northwest, Washington, D.C., 1893 66 cm (26") 9.9 m 1873 Largest refractor in 1873. Alvan Clark & Sons mounting replaced with Warner & Swasey mounting in 1893.
Royal Greenwich Observatory Herstmonceux, Great Britain - 66 cm (26") 6.82 m 1896  
Yale-Columbia Refractor
Yale Southern Station		 Johannesburg, Union of South Africa Relocated 1952 66 cm (26") 10.8 m 1925–1952 Yale-Columbia Refractor moved to Mount Stromlo Observatory in 1952, same telescope as following entry.
Yale-Columbia Refractor
Mount Stromlo Observatory		 Mount Stromlo, Australia Destroyed 2003 66 cm (26") 10.8 m 1952 Yale-Columbia Refractor - Previously located in South Africa. Relocated to Australia in 1952. Destroyed by bush fire on January 18, 2003.[8]
65 cm Zeiss Refractor, Pulkovo observatory Germany[9] Saint Petersburg, Russia 65 cm (25.59″) 10.413 m 1954 War reparation from Germany[9] In Pulkovo since 1954.
Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory Llano del Hato, Venezuela - 65 cm (25.6″) 10.5 m 1955
Belgrade Observatory [10] Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia Belgrade, Serbia 65 cm (25.6″) 10.55 m 1932  Zeiss made lens, same as at Berlin Observatory
Hida Observatory Gifu, Japan - 65 cm (25.6″) 10.50 m 1972
Observatory History Museum Mitaka 65 cm Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan - 65 cm (25.6″) 1929 Carl Zeiss Jena
Berlin-Babelsberg Observatory
Berliner Sternwarte Babelsberg 		Berlin, Germany 65 cm (26 in) 10.12 m (33 ft) 1914 Berlin Observatory just moved to Potsdam-Babelsberg in 1913; Zeiss lens
Newall Refractor
National Observatory of Athens		 UK Athens, Greece since 1957 62.5 cm (24.5″) 8.86 m (29 ft) 1869 Built by Thomas Cooke for Robert Stirling Newall. First located at his estate; donated and relocated to Cambridge Observatory in 1889; donated to Athens Observatory and relocated to Mt. Penteli in Greece in 1957. Currently used only for educational purposes as part of the visitor center.
Lowell Observatory Arizona, USA - 61 cm (24″) 9.75 m (32 ft) 1894 Alvan Clark & Sons telescope
Sproul Observatory Pennsylvania, USA - 61 cm (24″) 11.0 m (36 ft) 1911
Craig telescope Wandsworth Common, London Dismantled 1857 61 cm (24″) 24.5 m (80 feet) 1852 Problem with lens figuring [11]
Grubb Parsons Double Refractor Saltsjöbaden, Sweden - 60 + 50 cm
(23.6″ + 19.7")		 8.0 m 1930 Stockholms Observatory in Saltsjöbaden
Radcliffe Double Refractor
University of London Observatory		 Oxford, UK Mill Hill, London 60 + 45 cm
(23.6″ + 18")		 7.0 m 1901 Obtained from the Radcliffe Observatory and installed at ULO in 1938
Zeiss Double Refractor
Bosscha Observatory		 Bandung, Dutch East Indies Bandung, Indonesia 60 cm (23.6″) 10.7 m 1928
Der Große Refraktor (Great Refractor)
Hamburg Observatory		 Bergedorf, Germany - 60 cm (23.6″) 9 m 1911
Halstead Observatory Princeton, USA Roper Mountain Science Center,[12] Greenville, SC 58.4 cm (23″) 9.8 m (32 ft) 1881 by Alvan Clark & Sons
Chamberlin Observatory Colorado, USA - 50 cm (20″) 8.5 m (28 ft) 1891 First Light 1894
Van Vleck Observatory Connecticut, USA - 50 cm (20″) 8.4 m (27.5 ft) 1922
Chabot Observatory Oakland, California, USA (2000) 50 cm (20″) 8.5 m (28 ft) 1914 "Rachael" Warner & Swazey Company (Optics John A Brashear Company) Refurb in 2000 and moved to present location.
Carnegie Double Astrograph
Lick Observatory		 Mount Hamilton, California, USA not in service
threatened with removal		 50 cm (20″) 4.67 m (14 ft) 1941 F7.4
Imperial Observatory Straßburg, German Empire Strasbourg, France 48.5 cm (19.1″) 7 m (23 ft) 1880 [13] Then largest in German Empire
18½-in Dearborn Observatory Refractor Chicago, USA Evanston, USA 47 cm (18.5″) 1862 by Alvan Clark & Sons
Wilder Observatory Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA - 46 cm (18″) (25 ft) 1903 by Alvan Clark & Sons
Flower Observatory Philadelphia, USA - 46 cm (18″) 6.7 m (22.6 ft) 1896
Royal Observatory Cape Colony, British Empire South Africa 46 cm (18″) 6.7 m (22.6 ft) 1897 [14]
Luneta 46
Observatório Nacional		 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 46 cm (18,4″) 9,7 m 1921 T. Cooke & Sons[15][16]
Gran Ecuatorial Gautier Telescope
La Plata Astronomical Observatory		 La Plata, Argentina - 43.3 cm (17″) 9,7 m 1894 Gautier
Brashear Refractor, Goodsell Observatory Northfield, Minnesota, USA - 41.15 cm (16.2″) 1890 by John Brashear
Herget Telescope
Cincinnati Observatory		 Cincinnati, Ohio - 40.64 cm (16″) 1904 by Alvan Clark & Sons
Dorides Refractor [17]
National Observatory of Athens		 Athens, Greece Athens, Greece 40 cm (16″) 5,08 m 1901 by Gautier [18]
Washburn Observatory Madison, Wisconsin, USA - 39.5 cm (15.56″) 6.7 m (22.6 ft) 1881 by Alvan Clark & Sons
Harvard Great Refractor
Harvard College Observatory [19]		 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA - 38 cm (15″) 1847 largest telescope in America for 20 years [20]
Gran Ecuatorial Observatorio Astronómico Nacional Tacubaya, México - 38 cm (15") 4.8 m 1885 by Howard Grubb
Lunette Arago
Paris Observatory		 Paris, France - 38 cm (15") 9 m 1883 by Gautier and Henry brothers
Telescopio Amici
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri		 Florence, Italy - 36 cm 5 m 1872 28 cm lens by G. B. Amici substituted by Zeiss lens in 1926. Currently used only for educational purposes.
Photographic Refractor
Leiden Observatory		 Leiden, Netherlands - 34 cm + 15  cm (13.4″ + 5.9") 524 cm 1897 Double telescope
by Gautier and Henry brothers
Dominion Observatory Refractor
Dominion Observatory		 Ottawa, Canada Moved to Helen Sawyer-Hogg Observatory (Canada Science and Technology Museum, Ottawa) in 1974 [21] 38.1 cm (15″) 571.5 cm 1905 Original achromat doublet by John Brashear replaced with apochomat triplet by Perkin-Elmer in 1958. Currently used for education and outreach.
Fitz-Clark Refractor
Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh		 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA - 32.02 cm (13") 4.62 1861 Fitz made, visual/photographic. In 1895 Established that Saturn's Rings to be made up of particles and not solid.[6]
H. Fitz-H.G. Fitz Refractor
Henry Ruthurfurd, Private Observatroy		 New York City, USA - 32.02 cm (13") 4.62 1864 Fitz made, visual/photographic. Started by Henry, finished by son Henry Giles [[]]
Bamberg Refractor
Urania Observatory (Berlin)		 Berlin-Moabit, Prussia Berlin, Germany 31.4 cm (12.36") 5 m 1889 then biggest in Prussia, moved to Insulaner Wilhelm-Foerster Observatory in 1963 [22]
Grubb refractor,

Keele Observatory

Oxford, England Keele University, England (since 1962),

in use for the public

31.0 cm

(12.25")

4.39 m 1874 Still awaiting the reunion with its 19th-century camera used in the Carte du Ciel project and to prove Einstein's general relativity theory during the 1919 solar eclipse.
Ladd Observatory,
Brown University		 Providence, Rhode Island, USA Still in use for instruction and public education 30 cm (12″) Vorlage:Convert 4.57 m (15 ft) 1891 Lens designed by Charles S. Hastings and made by John Brashear; telescope mount by George N. Saegmuller
Irving Porter Church Memorial Telescope
Fuertes Observatory		 Ithaca, New York Still used for instruction and public outreach. 30 cm (12″) 4.57 m (15 ft) 1922 Optics by John Brashear, mounting by Warner & Swasey.
Silesian Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory Katowice/Chorzów, Silesia, Poland 30 cm (12")[23] 4.5 m 1955 Largest and oldest Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory in Poland.[24] The 3rd largest in Eastern Europe (east of Germany), after Pulkovo Observatory in Saint Petersburg, Russia and Belgrade Observatory in Belgrade, Serbia
Urania Sternwarte (Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland - 30 cm (12″) 5.05 m 1907 by Fraunhofer and Zeiss
University of Illinois Observatory Urbana, Illinois, USA - 30 cm (12″) 1896 by John Brashear, National Historic Landmark, still used for instruction
Jewett Observatory Pullman, Washington, USA Used for instruction and pleasure 30 cm (12") 4.57 m (15') Assembled from older parts 1953 [25] Alvan Clark & Sons
Mitchell Telescope
Cincinnati Observatory		 Cincinnati, Ohio, USA - 28 cm (11″) 1843 Merz & Mahler; Oldest professional telescope still used weekly by the public[26]
Brashear Refractor
Nicholas E. Wagman Observatory		 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA - 28 cm (11″) 1910 John Brashear, Amateur Astronomers Association of Pittsburgh [27] ll
Repsold Refractor (10-duims)
Leiden Observatory		 Leiden, Netherlands - 26.6 cm (10.5″) 399,5 cm 1885 Repsold and Sons, optics by Alvan Clark & Sons
Mills Observatory Dundee, Scotland (1951) 25 cm (10″)   1871 by T. Cooke & Sons. Training telescope at St. Andrews 1938-1951
Coats Observatory Paisley, Scotland (1898) 25 cm (10″)   1898 by Howard Grubb. Replaced 5" refractor by Thomas Cooke, installed in 1883.]].
Quito Astronomical Observatory Quito La Alameda park 24 cm 1875 An operational 1875 Merz Telescopes and one of the Oldest Observatories in South America, founded in 1873.
Fraunhofer-Refraktor
Berlin Observatory		 Berlin-Kreuzberg, Deutsches Kaiserreich Moved 1913 to Munich, Germany 24 cm (9.6″) 4 m (13.4′) 1835 Used to discover Neptune; in Deutsches Museum, München since 1913[28]
Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory
Named in memory of Hume Blake Cronyn		 University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada		 - 25.4 cm (10″) 4.37 m (172") 1940 Built by Perkin Elmer Corp.
Second largest refractor in Canada. Continues as Canada's oldest public astronomy venue.
Great Dorpat Refractor (Fraunhofer)
Dorpat/Tartu Observatory		 Dorpat, Governorate of Livonia Tartu, Estonia 24 cm (9.6″) 4 m (13.4′) 1824 "..the first modern, achromatic, refracting telescope." [29][30]

See also

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References

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Vorlage:Reflist

Further reading

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Refracting telescopes Category:Lists of superlatives

  1. ↑ http://astro.uchicago.edu/vtour/40inch/
  2. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/653042/Yerkes-Observatory
  3. ↑ solarphysics.kva.se The Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope "By using a lens of a single glass, excellent image quality is obtained through very narrow filters that isolate a single wavelength or color."
  4. ↑ The Observatory, "Large Telescopes", Page 248
  5. ↑ British university observatories, 1772-1939 By Roger Hutchins;page 252
  6. ↑ a b http://www.flamsteed.info/fasother6_files/page0001.htm
  7. ↑ http://www.flamsteed.info/fasother6_files/page0006.htm
  8. ↑ Mount Stromlo Observatory brochure, page 12, The 26" Yale-Columbia Refractor, Australian National University, 2004, accessed 19 April 2008
  9. ↑ a b Journal for the history of astronomy vol. 28, pt. 2, p. 177 (1997), Title: Book Review: Pulkovo / St. Petersburg : Spuren der Sterne und der Zeiten : Geschichte der russischen Hauptsternwarte / Peter Lang, New York, 1995, Bibliographic Code: 1997JHA....28..177H
  10. ↑ http://www.aob.bg.ac.rs/
  11. ↑ http://www.craig-telescope.co.uk/
  12. ↑ http://www.ropermountain.org/Observatory/observatory.shtml
  13. ↑ http://chestofbooks.com/crafts/scientific-american/Scientific-American-Reference-Book/The-Large-Refractors-Of-The-World.html
  14. ↑ Scientific American Reference Book. A Manual for the Office, Household and Shop Author Albert A. Hopkins, A. Russell Bond Publisher Munn & Company Year 1905 Copyright 1904, Munn & Company
  15. ↑ W. E. Harper: List of Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes. In: Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 23. Jahrgang. Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 1929, S. 351–355, bibcode:1929JRASC..23..351H (harvard.edu [abgerufen am 25. Januar 2017]). See page 352.
  16. ↑ E. Wilfred Taylor, J. Simms Wilson, P. D. Scott Maxwell: At the Sign of the Orrery: The Origins of the Firm of Cooke, Troughton and Simms, Ltd. (archive.org). (Not dated, no publisher given.) See page 49.
  17. ↑ http://www.hasi.gr/instruments/ast72
  18. ↑ http://www.hasi.gr/makers/gautier-paul-ferdinand
  19. ↑ http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hco/grref.html
  20. ↑ http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations//groundup/lesson/scopes/harvard/index.php
  21. ↑ http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/whatson/hogg_observatory.cfm
  22. ↑ http://www.wfs.be.schule.de/pages/hist/Bamberge.html
  23. ↑ http://www.planetarium.edu.pl/oferta.htm
  24. ↑ http://www.planetarium.chorzow.net.pl/onas_eng.htm
  25. ↑ http://astro.wsu.edu/observatory.html
  26. ↑ http://www.cincinnatiobservatory.org/history.html
  27. ↑ http://3ap.org/>
  28. ↑ http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/astronomy/berlin.html#GALLE
  29. ↑ Fraunhofer and the Great Dorpat Refractor. In: American Journal of Physics. 35. Jahrgang, 1967, S. 344, doi:10.1119/1.1974076, bibcode:1967AmJPh..35..344W.
  30. ↑ http://www.obs.ee/obs/instrumendid/fr.htm
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