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Benutzer:Rkercher/Christian Kälin

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Vorlage:Infobox person

Christian H. Kälin oder Kaelin[1] (geboren 1971) ist ein schweizer Geschäftsmann, Autor, Regierungsberater[2] und Rechtsanwalt, der Vorstandsvorsitzender von Henley & Partners ist.[3][4] Er ist ein Architekt des Prinzips des Erwerbs einer Staatsangehörigkeit durch Investition, das reichen Individuen erlaubt, zusätzliche Reisepässe zu erwerben.[5][6][7][8]

Early life and education

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Kälin wurde 1971 in Zürich geboren. In seinen Jugendjahren begann er, Einwanderungs- und Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetze verschiedener Länder zu sammeln, indem er Botschaften anschrieb, um Kopien ihrer Gesetze anzufordern, und die Dokumente in einem grossen Ordner aufbewahrte. Er erzählte der Schriftstellerin und Journalistin Atossa Araxia Abrahamian von dieser Zeit: „Was mich immer fasziniert hat, war der einschliessende und ausschliessende Aspekt der Staatsbürgerschaft....Ich wollte verstehen, wie die verschiedenen Länder damit umgehen.“[9]

Kälin studied in Paris, Auckland, and Zurich. He earned master's and PhD degrees in law from the University of Zurich.[7] His doctoral thesis was published under the title Ius Doni: The Acquisition of Citizenship by Investment. In the thesis, he wrote in support of citizenship by investment, arguing that it "creates social and economic development opportunities for States."[10] He also coined the term ius doni, referring to people who gain citizenship through investment.[11]

Kälin studierte in Paris, Auckland und Zürich. An der Universität Zürich erwarb er einen Master und einen Doktortitel in Rechtswissenschaften.[7] Seine Doktorarbeit wurde unter dem Titel Ius Doni: The Acquisition of Citizenship by Investment veröffentlicht. Darin sprach er sich für die Staatsbürgerschaft durch Investitionen aus und argumentierte, dass sie „soziale und wirtschaftliche Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten für Staaten schafft“.[10] Er prägte auch den Begriff ius doni, der sich auf Personen bezieht, die die Staatsbürgerschaft durch Investitionen erwerben.[11]

Career

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Kälin trained as a banker before joining Henley & Partners as a consultant in 1994. There, he pioneered the concept of "citizenship by investment", whereby people can acquire citizenship in return for investing in a country of which they are not a national.[12] Kälin makes a distinction between citizenship that can be "earned" through investment that is economically beneficial to a country, and "commodified" citizenship which can be simply bought, claiming that only the former method can be seen as legitimate.[13] He also considers that "citizenship is inherently unjust".[14]

Kälin co-founded Arnova Capital in 2003, a Switzerland-based investment management firm. As of 2023, the firm's assets under management were over $250 million.[15] He is also the inventor of the passport index concept.[16] In 2006, he created the Henley Passport Index, which ranks countries according to the travel freedom their citizens get from their passport.[17][18] Kälin published the first edition of the Switzerland Business & Investment Handbook in 2006.[19] In collaboration with Dimitry Kochenov, Kälin authors The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI), an annual[20] report published since 2015.[21] Kalin has also founded a Swiss health-advisory firm called SIP Medical Family Office.[15] He is a member of the governing board of the Investment Migration Council,[22] and founder and chairman of the Switzerland-based non-profit organization, Andan Foundation.[19][23] The organization, with board members including Mohammed Nasheed, Mikael Ribbenvik Cassar, Taavi Rõivas and Michael Møller, works in the field of supporting refugees.[24]

Citizenship and passport sales

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In 2006, the firm partnered with St. Kitts and Nevis, trailblazing sales of citizenship and passports.[25] The firm restructured St. Kitts and Nevis's citizenship-by-investment program, incorporating donations to support the country's transition to tourism and services following the closure of the sugar industry in 2005.[26] Following the restructuring of the St. Kitts and Nevis citizenship program, Henley & Partners began to aggressively promote the new scheme. Henley organized large-scale conferences where it promoted its services and connected buyers of passports to sellers.[25]

The company has advised the governments of Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and Cyprus on how to develop their own investment migration programs,[26] and has since that time worked for and been mandated by several other governments.[27][28][29][30] In 2012, Reuters wrote that Henley & Partners is “at the center of the citizenship by investment movement”.[31]

St. Kitts and Nevis

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In 2006, the firm restructured St. Kitts and Nevis's citizenship-by-investment program, and obtained exclusive rights to market St. Kitts & Nevis worldwide.[32] The company gave the country's government a $20,000 fee for every successful applicant for its passport program.[32] Applicants for passports could either invest $400,000 in real state on the islands or donate $250,000 to the Sugar Industry Diversification Foundation (SIDF), a bank-owned investment vehicle set up in 2006 to invest on behalf of the St. Kitts and Nevis population.[32][33] The St. Kitts and Nevis government outsourced its escrow services and application processing to Henley, as well as paid the company to promote the country's program internationally.[33] The country gave the company "a wide range of powers and discretion."[34] Henley was paid a 10% commission ($25,000) for every donation to the SIDF.[33]

The contract between Henley and Partners and St. Kitts and Nevis ended in 2013.[32] The same year, the company set up a similar program in neighboring country Antigua and Barbuda.[34] The firm reportedly earned $250 million from its contract with St. Kitts and Nevis.[33] The company also earned professional fees that it charged clients applying for citizenship; the fee for each file could exceed $100,000.[33] According to London School of Economics Professor Kristin Surak, the precise dynamics between Henley and St. Kitts and Nevis are murky, as "there are virtually no accessible records of the negotiations, and those involved in the development of the program offer few details when asked."

According to 2022 reporting by the OCCRP, there is evidence that Henley CEO Christian Kälin helped to finance the successful 2010 re-election campaign of Denzil Douglas, the St. Kitts and Nevis prime minister.[35] At the same time, Henley entered into at least three agreements with the SCL Group or its affiliated companies to help each other in the Caribbean region.[35] Henley has denied financing the Douglas campaign. However, Douglas stated in an unpublished 2018 interview that Henley did fund his campaign and that the SCL Group was hired to manage the campaign. Henley responded by calling Douglas a liar.[35]

Malta

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In 2013, Henley & Partners participated in a public tender and won the right to design and globally promote Malta's citizenship-by-investment program, the Malta Individual Investor Programme (IIP), which raised over $1 billion within 18 months of its launch.[36] However, the public tender was not competitive.[37] Arton Capital, a competing firm, filed a judicial protest, appealing the decision to award the contract to its competitor, claiming that Henley & Partners provided consultation to the government on a similar program before.[38] Arton Capital settled out of court in 2015.[39]

The citizenship-by-investment program and the relationship between Henley and the Malta government was criticized at the time.[37] Critics in Malta argued that the concessions to Henley were overly lucrative and may have entailed conflicts of interest.[37] Henley received 4% of each donation, which meant €26,000 per application for citizenship.[37] In the first two years of the program, Henley earned €14 million from 564 applications.[40]

In 2017, Henley conspired with top Maltese politicians to launch lawsuits against investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia who was reporting on Henley's programs in Malta.[41] Leaked email exchanges between top Henley officials (including CEO Christian Kalin), Malta prime minister Joseph Muscat, Justice Minister Owen Bonnici and Individual Investment Program CEO Jonathan Cardona discussing launching a SLAPP (Strategic lawsuit against public participation) lawsuit against Galizia that was intended to financially cripple her for her reporting.[42][43]

Personal life

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According to Atossa Araxia Abrahamian, Kälin possesses at least five passports personally.[9]:72 When asked by The Economist in 2017, Kälin declined to reveal how many passports he has.[44]

Select publications

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  • Christian H. Kälin: Switzerland Business & Investment Handbook: Economy, Law, Taxation, Real Estate, Residence, Facts & Figures, Key Addresses. 1st Auflage. Wiley, 2006, ISBN 978-0-470-01801-9 (englisch).
  • Wouter H. Muller, Christian H. Kälin, John G. Goldsworth (Hrsg.): Anti-Money Laundering: International Law and Practice. 1st Auflage. Wiley, 2007, ISBN 978-0-470-03319-7 (englisch, archive.org).
  • Christian H. Kälin, Andrew J. Taylor: International Real Estate Handbook. Revised Auflage. Ideos Verlag AG, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9927818-3-5 (englisch).
  • Christian H. Kälin: Global Residence and Citizenship Handbook. 5th Auflage. Ideos Verlag AG, 2016, ISBN 978-0-9927818-5-9 (englisch).
  • Global Residence and Citizenship Programs 2017–2018: The Definitive Comparison of the Leading Investment Migration Programs (Christian H. Kälin) for Henley & Partners Vorlage:Isbn
  • Ius Doni: The Acquisition of Citizenship by Investment Vorlage:Isbn
  • Ius Doni in International Law and EU Law Vorlage:Isbn
  • Quality of Nationality Index Vorlage:ISBN

Einzelnachweise

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  1. ↑ Dr. Christian H. Kaelin | Key People. In: Henley & Partners. Abgerufen am 16. Februar 2022.
  2. ↑ Portia Crowe: This Swiss lawyer helps foreign governments 'sell' citizenship like a commodity In: Business Insider, March 12, 2015 
  3. ↑ This Swiss Lawyer Is Helping Governments Get Rich Off Selling Passports. In: bloomberg.com. 11. März 2015, abgerufen am 15. November 2021.
  4. ↑ Revealed: Cambridge Analytica and the Passport King - The Spectator. In: spectator.co.uk. 31. März 2018, abgerufen am 2. April 2018.
  5. ↑ OCCRP: Conflicts Of Interest And Controversial Clients: Henley & Partners' Caribbean Business. In: OCCRP. Abgerufen am 19. März 2022 (englisch).
  6. ↑ Revealed: residency loophole in Malta's cash-for-passports scheme. In: The Guardian. 22. April 2021, abgerufen am 22. April 2021 (englisch).
  7. ↑ a b c Vorlage:Cite magazine
  8. ↑ Jason Clenfield: This Swiss Lawyer Is Helping Governments Get Rich Off Selling Passports. In: Bloomberg. 11. März 2015;.
  9. ↑ a b Atossa Araxia Abraham: The Cosmopolites: The Coming of the Global Citizen. 2015, ISBN 978-0-9909763-6-3.
  10. ↑ a b Ius Doni - the acquisition of citizenship by investment. OCLC 958587778.
  11. ↑ a b Vorlage:Cite SSRN
  12. ↑ The Passport King. via www.bloomberg.com, 11. März 2015, abgerufen am 2. April 2018.
  13. ↑ Christian Joppke: Neoliberal Nationalism: Immigration and the Rise of the Populist Right. Cambridge University Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-108-48259-2 (englisch, google.com).
  14. ↑ [WATCH] 'Citizenship is inherently unjust' says passport king Christian Kalin. In: maltatoday.com.mt. Abgerufen am 2. April 2018.
  15. ↑ a b Ben Stupples: He's best known as the 'Passport King' for helping rich clients gain citizenship. But he's also a trader who's made a 2,000% return over two decades In: Fortune, July 20, 2023 (englisch). 
  16. ↑ Kathleen Wong: 6 countries earned top spot for the world's most powerful passport: See where the US ranks In: USA TODAY, January 12, 2024 
  17. ↑ Antonia Wilson: UK passport drops to sixth in global power index In: The Guardian, 14. Januar 2019. Abgerufen am 15. November 2021 
  18. ↑ G. C. T. Team: Greek Passport Ranked 8th Strongest In The World. 8. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 29. Juli 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  19. ↑ a b Dirk Ruschmann, Dirk Schütz: Dieser Anwalt vermittelt Pässe für 150'000 Dollar In: Bilanz, 22. Januar 2021. Abgerufen am 15. November 2021 
  20. ↑ Maria LaMagna: This is the most 'valuable' country in the world to be a citizen (and it's not the U.S.). In: MarketWatch. Abgerufen am 15. November 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  21. ↑ Michael Babad: Canadian nationality ranked better than most but behind many In: The Globe and Mail, 6. Juni 2016. Abgerufen am 15. November 2021 (kanadisches Englisch). 
  22. ↑ Governing Board. In: Investment Migration Council. Abgerufen am 15. November 2021 (britisches Englisch).
  23. ↑ About The Founder. In: Andan Foundation. Abgerufen am 15. November 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  24. ↑ “Private cities” for refugees? In: Tages-Anzeiger. 24. August 2024;.
  25. ↑ a b Kristin Surak: The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press, 2023, ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8, S. 42–45, doi:10.4159/9780674294738 (degruyter.com).
  26. ↑ a b Jason Clenfield: The Man Who Helps Countries Turn Investments Into Passports for the Rich In: Skift, 12 March 2015 
  27. ↑ Government Advisory Practice - Henley & Partners. In: www.henleyglobal.com.
  28. ↑ Thailand Lures The Ultra Wealthy, finews.asia, 31 March 2017 
  29. ↑ Zdravko Ljubas: Montenegro Launches Golden Visa Application Process, occrp.org, 4 October 2019 
  30. ↑ From Malta to Moldova: Henley & Partners new citizenship adventure, The Malta Independent, 14 July 2018 
  31. ↑ a b c d Conflicts of Interest and Controversial Clients: Henley & Partners' Caribbean Business. In: OCCRP. Abgerufen am 19. März 2022.
  32. ↑ a b c d e Kristin Surak: The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press, 2023, ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8, S. 42–45, doi:10.4159/9780674294738 (degruyter.com).
  33. ↑ a b Kristin Surak: The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press, 2023, ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8, S. 45–46, doi:10.4159/9780674294738 (degruyter.com).
  34. ↑ a b c "A Faustian Pact": How Henley & Partners' "Passport King" and Cambridge Analytica's Parent Firm Sought to Sway Caribbean Politics. In: OCCRP. Abgerufen am 22. März 2022.
  35. ↑ Malta passport programme 'best in the world' - €1 billion raised since launch - Henley In: Times of Malta. Abgerufen im 29 April 2016 
  36. ↑ a b c d Kristin Surak: The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press, 2023, ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8, S. 65–66, doi:10.4159/9780674294738 (degruyter.com).
  37. ↑ Government challenged in court over choice of concessionaire for citizenship sale. Abgerufen am 19. Juli 2016.
  38. ↑ Arton Capital drops court case against government over choice of concessionaire for citizenship sale. Abgerufen am 19. Juli 2016.
  39. ↑ Kristin Surak: The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press, 2023, ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8, S. 73, doi:10.4159/9780674294738 (degruyter.com).
  40. ↑ Henley and Partners says it only sues Maltese journalists if government gives its 'OK'. 2018, abgerufen am 10. Mai 2023 (englisch).
  41. ↑ Emails, notes revealed Henley's plan to keep Daphne quiet, inquiry told. In: Times of Malta. Abgerufen am 10. Mai 2023 (britisches Englisch).
  42. ↑ Jérôme Galichet RTS: Achetez votre nationalité préférée: enquête sur le business des passeports dorés. In: SWI swissinfo.ch. Abgerufen am 10. Mai 2023 (französisch).
  43. ↑ Matthew Valencia: Citizens of anywhere In: The Economist, 2. Oktober 2017. Abgerufen am 23. November 2021 


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