Aishalton is an Amerindian village that is situated in the Rupununi savannah of southern Guyana, in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region (Region 9) of the country.[1][2]
It is the administrative centre for the southern sub-district of Region 9.[3] In 2012, an official census recorded a population of 1,069 people in Aishalton, making it the third most highly populated village in Region 9 (after St. Ignatius and Lethem), and the most populated village in the southern sub-district.[4]
History
BearbeitenArchaeology and the Aishalton Petroglyphs
BearbeitenMakatau mountain, which is situated approximately 3 km outside Aishalton village, is one of Guyana's most well-known archaeological sites. It is particularly well known for the numerous petroglyphs (known locally as "timehri") that are found on Makatau and on rock-formations in the surrounding area.[3][5] In the 1970s, the Guyanese anthropologist, Denis Williams, undertook a detailed archaeological study of the area. His research uncovered 686 petroglyphs (known as the "Aishalton Petroglyphs") that are mainly representations of humans, animals and plants as well as geometric arrangements.[3][6] Williams estimated the date of the petroglyphs at 3000–5000 BCE, and described them as belonging to a specific "type" of petroglyph—subsequently referred to as the "Aishalton type"—that is defined by a distinctively figurative style.[7] Williams also discovered 84 stone tools that had been used in the carving of the petroglyphs. They were the first tools of this kind to be found in Guyana.[3]
Location
BearbeitenAishalton village is located in the Rupununi savannah lands in the South of Guyana, at an altitude of 187 metres.[8][2] Neighbouring villages are Karaudarnau to the west and Awarewaunau to the east. Lethem, the regional capital of the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region, is situated 180 km north west of Aishalton; and Dadanawa Ranch is located approximately halfway between these two centres.[9][10]
Transport
BearbeitenThe main transport route between Aishalton and the Guyana coastlands (the most populated region of Guyana, and the home of the country's capital, Georgetown) is the unpaved Linden-Lethem Road. From Lethem, travelers use private vehicles to traverse the 180 km dirt track between Lethem and Aishalton. Up until 2008, the Rupununi River Bridge at Katoonarib afforded a crossing-point between Aishalton and Lethem. In 2008 however, the bridge—which cost 16 million Guyanese dollars to construct—collapsed.[9] In the 1990s an Airplane landing strip was built in Aishalton.[2] The IATA airport code of the Aishalton Airport is AHL.[11]
Services and facilities
BearbeitenAishalton is served by a Rural Library Centre that was established in 1976 as part of the National Library of Guyana's expansion of its rural library service.[12]
Aishalton District Hospital was founded in 1982, and it is the only hospital in the southern sub-section of Region 9.[13] It serves over seven villages, with between 20 and 40 outpatients being treated on a daily basis, and approximately 20 patients admitted every month. It has a staff-force of around 18 people. According to a report in Stabroek News that was based on interviews with hospital staff members, Aishalton District Hospital suffers from limited resources and a number of other problems. The supply of electricity to the hospital has been limited to three hours per day since the hospital generator provided by Remote Area Medical ceased to work in 2008. Hospital staff also reported an inadequate supply of water, and insufficient staffing. Patients with serious conditions have to be transferred to hospitals in either Lethem or Georgetown, but the hospital also struggles with a lack of transportation and reliable transport routes.[13]
Aishalton has both primary school and secondary schools. Aishalton Secondary School was established in 1999, and serves the six villages of the South sub-section of Region 9.[9][10] In 2009, the secondary school was reported to be suffering from overcrowding.[9]
An internet service was introduced in the village in the 1990s. Prior to the introduction of internet, communications facilities in Aishalton were limited to radio as there is no telephone service in the village or the surrounding area.[2]
Population and culture
BearbeitenThe population of Aishalton is predominantly Wapishana Amerindian.[2][14] The last remaining Taruma speakers are also located in the area.[15][16]
The main religion in the village is Christianity, with the majority of inhabitants identifying as Roman Catholics and smaller numbers as Pentecostal Christians, Seventh-day Adventists and Anglicans. A very small number of people belong to Hindu and Muslim faiths.[17] The principal economic activities in the village are farming, fishing, and forestry.[18]
Every year, Aishalton takes part in the August Games—a sporting festival for the six villages of the South sub-section of Region 9, which was inaugurated in 1995. The games involve football, softball cricket and volleyball competitions. On the last day of the games a number of competitions are held to celebrate the Wapishana way of life, including traditional Wapishana activities such as cassava-grating and ant-stinging.[2]
Local cuisine is reflective of traditional Wapishana culture. Cassava is the main staple that is used in cooking, and is used to make cassava bread, a marinating sauce called cassareep, farine (similar to cous-cous), and an alcoholic drink called parakari.[2] The production of parakari involves a complicated process with thirty different stages, and the use of a sophisticated fermentation technology. The fermentation of parakari involves the use of an amylolytic mold (Rhizopus), and it is the only known fermented drink to be produced by the indigenous peoples of the Americas that involves the use of an amylolytic process.[19][20]
References
BearbeitenVorlage:Reflist {{coord|02|31|N|59|15|W|region:GY|display=title}} {{Settlements in Guyana}} [[Category:Populated places in Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo]] [[Category:Indigenous villages in Guyana]]
- ↑ Aishalton abustle with Heritage Day preparations. In: Guyana Chronicle. Abgerufen am 7. April 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Liam Taylor: Aishalton Diary. In: Caribbean Beat. 76. Jahrgang (caribbean-beat.com [abgerufen am 3. September 2012]).
- ↑ a b c d Gerald Pereira: The Aishalton Petroglyphs Revisited. In: Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport. Government of Guyana, 28. September 2009, archiviert vom am 27. Januar 2012; abgerufen am 3. September 2012.
- ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges
<ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen census2012. - ↑ Mark G. Plew: The Archaeology of Iwokrama and the North Rupununi. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 154. Jahrgang, 11. Februar 2004, S. 7–28 [12], doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2004)154[0007:taoiat]2.0.co;2, JSTOR:4065122.
- ↑ Denis Williams: Report on Pre-Ceramic Lithic Artifacts in the South Rupununi Savannahs. In: Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 1979, S. 10–53.
- ↑ David Greer: Handbook of Rock Art Research. Hrsg.: David S. Whitley. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland 2001, ISBN 978-0-7425-0256-7, Chapter 21: Lowland South America (archive.org [abgerufen am 4. September 2004]).
- ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges
<ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen GE2012. - ↑ a b c d Gaulbert Sutherland: El Nino bakes South Rupununi In: Stabroek News, 2 September 2009. Abgerufen im 6 September 2012
- ↑ a b Thomas B. Henfrey: Ethnoecology, Resource Use, Conservation and Development in a Wapishana Community in the South Rupununi, Guyana. PhD Thesis Auflage. University of Kent at Canterbury, 2002 (lucy.kent.ac.uk ( des vom 4 March 2016 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 4. September 2012]).
- ↑ Airline and Airport Code Search. IATA, abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2015.
- ↑ Gwyneth George: Celebrating 100 years of public service: a historical perspective on the National Library of Guyana In: Stabroek News, 14 May 2009. Abgerufen im 3 September 2009
- ↑ a b Gaulbert Sutherland: Aishalton Hospital delivers treatment in the dark In: Stabroek News, 17 January 2010. Abgerufen im 3 September 2012
- ↑ Government of Guyana: Population & Housing Census 2002 - Village Level Data by Population. Bureau of Statistics, Government of Guyana, 19. September 2007, Ethnic Groups, S. 1–38 [34] (gov.gy [PDF; abgerufen am 3. September 2012]).
- ↑ Eithne B. Carlin (2011) "Nested Identities in the Southern Guyana Surinam Corner". In Hornborg & Hill (eds.) Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia.
- ↑ Eithne B. Carlin (2006) "Feeling the Need: The Borrowing of Cariban Functional Categories into Mawayana (Arawak)". In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) Grammars in Contact: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, pp. 313–332. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Government of Guyana: Population & Housing Census 2002 - Village Level Data by Population. Bureau of Statistics, Government of Guyana, 19. September 2007, Religious Affiliation, S. 1–38 [34] (gov.gy [PDF; abgerufen am 3. September 2012]).
- ↑ Government of Guyana: Population & Housing Census 2002 - Village Level Data by Population. Bureau of Statistics, Government of Guyana, 19. September 2007, Main Occupation, S. 1–42 [38] (gov.gy [PDF; abgerufen am 3. September 2012]).
- ↑ Terry W. Henkel: Parakari, an indigenous fermented beverage using amylolytic Rhizopus in Guyana. In: Mycologia. 97. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 19. Mai 2005, S. 1–11, doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.1.1, PMID 16389951, JSTOR:3762190. Vorlage:Subscription required
- ↑ Terry W. Henkel: Manufacturing Procedures and Microbiological Aspects of Parakari, A Novel Fermented Beverage of the Wapisiana Amerindians of Guyana. In: Economic Botany. 58. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, S. 25–37, doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0025:mpamao]2.0.co;2, JSTOR:4256773. Vorlage:Subscription required