Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox pipeline
The Central Asia–China gas pipeline (known also as Turkmenistan–China gas pipeline) is a natural gas pipeline system from Central Asia to Xinjiang in the People's Republic of China. By connecting Turkmenistan to China’s domestic grid, this pipeline makes it possible to transport gas some 7000 km from Turkmenistan to Shanghai.[1][2] More than half of Turkmen natural gas exports are delivered to China through the pipeline.[3]
History
BearbeitenThe initial proposal for Central Asia–China gas pipeline was presented as the Kazakhstan–China gas pipeline, which was to follow along the Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline. In June 2003, during China's President Hu Jintao's visit to Kazakhstan, agreements to expedite the appraisal of the project were signed.[4] Following these agreements, KazMunayGas and PetroChina started a feasibility study of the pipeline project. At the same time China continued negotiations with other Central Asian countries.
On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on the pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.[5] In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.[6] On 30 April 2007, Uzbekistan and China signed an agreement on the construction and exploitation of the pipeline's Uzbekistan section.[7] In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join original Kazakhstan-China pipeline project.[8] On 8 November 2007, Kazakhstan's oil company KazMunayGas signed an agreement with the China National Petroleum Corporation on principles of future work on the pipeline.[9]
On 30 August 2007, the construction of the Vorlage:Convert long Turkmen section of the pipeline began.[10] This section was built by Stroytransgaz, a subsidiary of Gazprom.[11] Main contractors were China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau, China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation, and Zeromax.[12] Construction of the Uzbek section started on 30 June 2008.[12][13] It was built by Asia Trans Gas, a joint venture of Uzbekneftegas and CNPC.[14] Construction works of the Kazakh section started on 9 July 2008 and the first stage was finished in July 2009.[15] It was built by Asian Gas Pipeline company, a joint venture of CNPC and KazMunayGas.[16] The main contractors of this section were KazStroyService and China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation.[17] The first of the two initial parallel line were completed early November 2009.[18]
The Kazakh section of the pipeline was inaugurated on 12 December 2009 during China's president Hu Jintao's visit to Kazakhstan.[19] The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009 in a ceremony in Saman-Depe during Hu Jintao's visit to Turkmenistan with the leaders of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.[20] On 13 June 2010 China and Kazakhstan signed an agreement on a branch line from Western Kazakhstan.[21]
The second line was completed by the end of 2010. Construction of the third line began in 2012.[22] It became operational on 15 June 2014, and is expected to reach the designed throughput of Vorlage:Convert in December 2015. The construction of a fourth line of the pipeline is expected to be launched at the end of 2014.[23]
The fourth line has been dogged by delays. As of August 2021, one tunnel in Tajikistan has been completed. No date has been set for final completion.
Significance
BearbeitenAccording to CNPC, the inflow of Turkmen gas helps China in meeting its energy demands and stabilizes the country's overall consumption structure. It was expected that the pipeline's deliveries boost the natural gas proportion of energy consumption of China by an estimated 2%, which reduces the overall smoke, dust and carbon dioxide emissions.[25] For Turkmenistan, the project helps the country diversify its energy exports by delivering gas eastward as opposed to its previous deliveries to Russia and Iran. Until the inauguration of the pipeline, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.[26] Central Asia–China gas pipeline is the first pipeline to bring Central Asian natural gas to China and highlights China's quest for Central Asian energy exports. While Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are also considering selling their gas to China, Chinese government already made new moves to penetrate deeper into Central Asian energy sector by lending $3 billion to Turkmenistan to develop the South Iolotan field in 2009 and $10 billion to Kazakhstan to pay for future oil supplies.[27]
Technical features
BearbeitenThe length of Lines A, B, and C is about Vorlage:Convert, of which Vorlage:Convert in Turkmenistan and Vorlage:Convert in Uzbekistan.[10][18][19][25] The diameter of each pipeline is Vorlage:Convert.[17] Lines A, B, and C constitute three parallel lines with combined total capacity of Vorlage:Convert which was reached by 2015.[23] Construction of the first line cost US$7.3 billion.[28] The pipeline project also includes the desulfurization plant at Samand-Depe to remove high sulfur content of natural gas.
A fourth pipeline (Line D), Vorlage:Convert in length to connect Galkynysh to western China via Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, is under construction, and is expected to be completed in 2020. Upon its completion, total capacity of the four lines is expected to reach 65 billion cubic metres per year.[29]
Route
BearbeitenThe pipeline starts in Saman-Depe carrying natural gas from the Bagtyyarlyk gas fields on the right bank of Amu Darya in Turkmenistan. It is mainly supplied from Iolotan and Sag Kenar fields.[30] The pipeline enters Uzbekistan in Olot and runs across Uzbekistan to southern Kazakhstan parallel to the existing Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline.[6][31] The pipeline crosses the Kazakhstan–China border at Khorgos, where it is connected to the second West–East Gas Pipeline.[32][33]
In Shymkent, the pipeline will be linked with the Vorlage:Convert branch line from Beyneu in western Kazakhstan.[21][34] It will supply natural gas from the Karachaganak, Tengiz and Kashagan gas fields.[35] The branch line will have a capacity of 15 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.[34][36] It was commissioned in 2014.[34]
See also
Bearbeiten
- Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline
- Central Asia – Center gas pipeline system
- Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline
- Energy policy of China
- Energy security of China
- Altai gas pipeline
- Power of Siberia
Einzelnachweise
Bearbeiten- ↑ M. Anker, P. Baev, B. Brunstad, I. Overland, S. Torjesen, The Caspian Sea Region Towards 2025: Caspia Inc., National Giants or Trade and Transit? Eburon, Delft, Netherlands, 2010.
- ↑ Indra Overland: Energy: The missing link in globalization. In: Energy Research & Social Science. 14. Jahrgang, 1. April 2016, S. 122–130, doi:10.1016/j.erss.2016.01.009 (researchgate.net).
- ↑ Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) “China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia”, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation. London: Routledge, p. 125.
- ↑ China, Kazakhstan Discuss Cross-border Gas Pipeline In: China Daily, 25. August 2004. Abgerufen am 27. Juli 2007
- ↑ Daniel Kimmage: Central Asia: Turkmenistan-China Pipeline Project Has Far-Reaching Implications In: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 10. April 2006. Abgerufen am 27. Juli 2007
- ↑ a b Analysis: Turkmen Gas Deal Extends Chinese Influence In: BBC Monitoring Central Asia, Downstream Today, 26. Juli 2007. Abgerufen am 27. Juli 2007
- ↑ Uzbekistan and China to build gas pipeline, Caucaz.com, 1. Mai 2007. Abgerufen am 27. Juli 2007
- ↑ Turkmenistan to join China, Kazakhstan pipeline project – KazMunaiGas EP CEO In: Forbes, 4. Juli 2007. Abgerufen am 27. Juli 2007 (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Januar 2022.)
- ↑ Maria Golovnina: Kazakhstan, China agree to press ahead with pipeline In: Reuters, 8. November 2007. Abgerufen am 15. März 2008
- ↑ a b Turkmen break ground on China pipe In: Upstream Online, NHST Media Group, 30. August 2007. Vorlage:Subscription required. Abgerufen am 9. September 2007
- ↑ Marat Gurt: Russian company wins Turkmen China pipeline tender In: Reuters, 19. Februar 2008. Abgerufen am 15. März 2008
- ↑ a b Kazakhstan: Workers Complete Section of Turkmenistan-China Pipeline ( des vom 15 July 2009 im Internet Archive), Eurasianet, 10. Juli 2009. Abgerufen am 16. Juli 2009
- ↑ Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline To Start Service Next Year In: Asiaport Daily News, Downstream Today, 3. Juli 2008. Abgerufen am 7. Juli 2008
- ↑ Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, Turkmenistan to China In: hydrocarbons-technology.com, 25. September 2013
- ↑ Kazakhstan gets cracking on China pipe In: Upstream Online, NHST Media Group, 9. Juli 2008. Vorlage:Subscription required
- ↑ Beijing digs in with Kazakh pipes In: Upstream Online, NHST Media Group, 9. April 2008. Vorlage:Subscription required. Abgerufen am 19. April 2008
- ↑ a b Construction cost of Kazakhstan to China gas pipeline increases ( des vom 4 January 2013 im Webarchiv archive.today), Steel Guru, 13. Juli 2009. Abgerufen am 16. Juli 2009
- ↑ a b CNPC To Build Phase II Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, Downstream Today, 12. November 2009. Abgerufen am 14. November 2009
- ↑ a b Raushan Nurshayeva, Shamil Zhumatov: China's Hu boosts energy ties with Central Asia In: Reuters, 12. Dezember 2009
- ↑ Marat Gurt: China extends influence into C.Asia with pipeline In: Reuters, 14. Dezember 2009
- ↑ a b Wan Zhihong: China, Kazakhstan sign new gas pipeline deal In: China Daily, 14. Juni 2010. Abgerufen am 20. Juni 2010
- ↑ Construction on third line begins for Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline ( des vom 12 November 2014 im Internet Archive), Pipelines International, March 2012
- ↑ a b China, Central Asian countries open 3rd gas line, Business Recorder, 16 June 2014. Abgerufen am 20. Juni 2014
- ↑ Central Asia–China Gas Pipeline (Line D).
- ↑ a b Central Asia Pipeline to Secure natural Gas for China ( des vom 23. Juli 2012 im Webarchiv archive.today), ChinaStakes, 2. Juli 2008. Abgerufen am 24. Februar 2009
- ↑ Philip H. de Leon: China secures gas from Turkmenistan: Who's the real winner?, Resource Investor, 22. Dezember 2009. Abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2009
- ↑ Isabel Gorst, Geoff Dyer: Pipeline brings Asian gas to China In: Financial Times, 14. Dezember 2009
- ↑ China National Petroleum subsidiaries to pay billions for Central Asia gas pipeline In: The China Post, 30. Dezember 2007. Abgerufen am 1. Juni 2008
- ↑ Завершается строительство дополнительной ветки газопровода «ЦА-Китай». ORIENT-ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЕ АГЕНТСТВО "МЕДИА-ТУРКМЕН", 30. Januar 2020 (russisch).
- ↑ Turkmenistan's Producers – The Gas Sector, APS Review Gas Market Trends, 22. September 2008. Abgerufen am 29. November 2009
- ↑ Mehmet Ögütçü: Kazakhstan's expanding cross-border gas links. Implications for Europe, Russia, China and other CIS countries. Windsor Energy Group's Regional Pipelines Roundtable. The Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy at the University of Dundee, Almaty 2. Oktober 2006 (dundee.ac.uk ( des vom 29 September 2007 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 27. Juli 2007]).
- ↑ 2nd West-East gas pipeline project in construction In: People's Daily, 23. Juli 2008. Abgerufen am 28. Juli 2010
- ↑ Farkhad Sharip: China secures new access to Kazakh oil In: Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation, 21. Dezember 2007. Abgerufen am 28. Juli 2010
- ↑ a b c Eric Watkins: China, Kazakhstan sign accords for gas, uranium In: Oil % Gas Journal, PennWell Corporation, 18. Juni 2010. Abgerufen am 20. Juni 2010
- ↑ CNPC, JV Partner to Build 2nd Phase of China-Kazakh Pipeline In: Asia Pulse, Downstream Today, 17. Juni 2010. Abgerufen am 20. Juni 2010
- ↑ Paris Franz: China, Kazakhstan agree deals on gas, nuclear energy In: DigitalJournal.com, 13. Juni 2010. Abgerufen am 20. Juni 2010
Weblinks
Bearbeiten- Chow, Edward, "Central Asia’s Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality," in Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes (National Bureau of Asian Research, 2010)
- Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes, by Shamil Yenikeyeff, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November 2008
- Noriko Yodogawa & Alexander M. Peterson, "An Opportunity for Progress: China, Central Asia, and the Energy Charter Treaty", 8 Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law 111 (2013). (Seite dauerhaft nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im August 2017.)
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2009]] [[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Natural gas pipelines in China]] [[Category:Energy in Central Asia]] [[Category:China–Kazakhstan relations]] [[Category:Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan relations]] [[Category:Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations]] [[Category:Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations]]