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Georgio Eduardo Alberto Krugers (24 November 1890 – 10 August 1964; also written as Kruger)Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn was a cameraman and film director active in the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) during the early 20th century. He is recorded as having worked in film since the mid-1920s, and in 1927 he made his directorial debut, Eulis Atjih. He joined hajj pilgrims in 1928 and screened a resulting documentary, The Great Mecca Feast, in the Netherlands. His 1930 film Karnadi Anemer Bangkong is thought to be the first talkie in the cinema of the Indies, but was a commercial failure as the majority Sundanese audience considered it insulting. After making two works for Tan's Film in the early 1930s, Krugers moved to Hong Kong and then the Netherlands.
Silent film
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Krugers was born in Banda Neira on 24 November 1890. Showing an interest in technology from a young age, he migrated to Surabaya, where he spent time as a water engineer. He left for Bandung in 1925,Vorlage:Sfn where he led the laboratory at N.V. Java Film.Vorlage:Sfn He may have been one of its founders, together with the Dutchman L. Heuveldorp.Vorlage:Sfn The company exclusively produced documentaries until 1926,Vorlage:Sfn when Heuveldorp directed the colony's first feature film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng. Krugers served as a cameraman for the film, which was based on a Sundanese folktale, also processing the film in his laboratory in Bandung.Vorlage:Sfn
The following year, Krugers directed his own film,Vorlage:Sfn titled Eulis Atjih, which followed the beautiful Eulis Atjih as she falls into poverty after being left by her husband.Vorlage:Sfn International release emphasised the ethnographic aspects of the film. The film was a commercial failure,Vorlage:Sfn but Krugers told his backers that the film had recouped its expenses.Vorlage:Sfn Later that year Krugers left Java Film to form his own company, Krugers Filmbedrijf (Krugers Film Company),Vorlage:Sfn
By 1928 he was reportedly working on film adaptations of the folktales Roro Mendut and Prono Tjitro, although it is not known if he finished them.Vorlage:Sfn He did, however, complete a documentary entitled The Great Mecca Feast, which followed hajj pilgrims from the Indies during their trip to Mecca. The film premiered in Leiden, the Netherlands, on 8 November 1928. This premiere was attended by numerous Dutch socialites, including Princess Juliana, and given an introduction by Dutch Orientalist Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje.Vorlage:Sfn
Talkies
BearbeitenThe first talkies shown in the Indies, Fox Movietone Follies of 1929 and The Rainbow Man (both 1929), came from the United States and were screened in late 1929.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn This encouraged Krugers to make Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (Karnadi the Frog Contractor), an adaptation of the book by Yuhana, in 1930.Vorlage:Sfn The comedy, made with a single system camera that Krugers had obtained with the help of his Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers membership, is generally thought the first locally produced talkie released in the country,Vorlage:Sfn but had poor technical quality.Vorlage:Sfn It was a critical failure, as the majority Sundanese audience felt that they were being insulted; contemporary director Joshua Wong suggested that this poor reception was partly owing to the main character eating a frog, something which is forbidden for Muslims.Vorlage:Sfn
Following this failure, Krugers made the documentary Atma De Vischer (1931), which followed Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Hendrik on a trip through the Hague,Vorlage:Sfn before being signed to Tan's Film.Vorlage:Sfn With Tan's, Krugers made two films. First he was asked to handle cinematography on Bachtiar Effendi's 1932 talkie Njai Dasima,Vorlage:Sfn an adaptation of G. Francis' 1896 novel Tjerita Njai Dasima (Story of Njai Dasima).Vorlage:Sfn He then directed and produced Huwen op Bevel (Forced to Marry; 1931), which was advertised as featuring songs and comedy. The film was a commercial failure, leading to all rights being acquired by Tan's.Vorlage:Sfn He is recorded as planning a further two films, De Nona (Of Ladies) and Raonah, but neither was made.Vorlage:Sfn
During 1934 and early 1935, all feature films released in the Dutch East Indies had been produced by The Teng Chun.Vorlage:Sfn This situation was created by the Great Depression, which had led to the Dutch East Indies government collecting higher taxes, advertisers asking for more money, and cinemas selling tickets at lower prices; this ensured that there was a very low profit margin for local films. During this period cinemas in the country mainly showed Hollywood productions.Vorlage:Sfn Krugers left the Indies in 1936 and moved to Hong Kong.Vorlage:Sfn He later returned to the Netherlands, where he died in 1964.[1]
Filmography
Bearbeiten| Year | Film | Role(s) |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | Loetoeng Kasaroeng (The Mystical Monkey) |
Cinematographer |
| 1927 | Eulis Atjih | Director |
| 1928 | Het Groote Mekka-Feest (The Great Mecca Feast) |
Director |
| 1930 | Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (Karnadi the Frog Contractor) |
Director and producer |
| 1931 | Atma de Vischer | Producer, sound director, and cinematographer |
| 1931 | Huwen op Bevel (Forced to Marry) |
Director, producer, sound director, and cinematographer |
| 1932 | Njai Dasima | Sound director and cinematographer |
References
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Bibliography Vorlage:Refbegin
- Misbach Yusa Biran: Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa. (deutsch: History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java). Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council, Jakarta 2009, ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2 (indonesisch).
- Bioscoopnieuws: Cinema Palace (deutsch: Cinema News: Cinema Palace) In: Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 14 July 1927, S. 2 (dutch).
- Maarten Etmans: De Bevolking van Banda van 1820 tot 1920. (deutsch: The Population of Banda: 1820–1920). Etmans, Ferwert 1998, ISBN 978-90-804543-2-3 (niederländisch, roosjeroos.nl ( des vom 17 August 2012 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 29. April 2016]).
- Eulis Atjih. In: filmindonesia.or.id. Konfiden Foundation, archiviert vom am 2. Dezember 2013; abgerufen am 6. Juli 2012 (indonesisch).
- G. Krugers. In: filmindonesia.or.id. Konfiden Foundation, archiviert vom am 17. April 2014; abgerufen am 17. August 2012 (indonesisch).
- Krügers vrijgesproken! (deutsch: Krügers is Released!) In: Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 30 March 1933, S. 5 (dutch).
- Marnix Koolhaas, Jurryt van de Vooren: Nederlandse Mekka-gangers: Snouck Hurgronje in 1885 en Krugers in 1928. (deutsch: Dutch Mecca-Goers: Snouck Hurgronje in 1885 and Krugers in 1928). Nederland 24, 15. Oktober 2013, archiviert vom am 1. Februar 2014; abgerufen am 1. Februar 2014 (niederländisch).
- Ontduiking van Film-Censuur. De Zaak tegen den Film-Fabrikant Kreuger (deutsch: Working Around the Censors: The Case against the Film Producer Kreuger) In: Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 25 January 1933, S. 5 (dutch).
- A. Budi Susanto: Identitas Dan Postkolonialitas Di Indonesia. (deutsch: Identity and Postcolonialism in Indonesia). Kanisius, Yogyakarta 2003, ISBN 978-979-21-0851-4 (google.com). (Seite dauerhaft nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Mai 2024.)
- Christopher Woodrich: Ekranisasi Awal: Bringing Novels to The Silver Screen in The Dutch East Indies. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 2018, ISBN 978-6-02386262-7 (google.com).
External links
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- Luitgard Mols & Arnout Vrolijk: Western Arabia in the Leiden Collections. Traces of a colourful past. Leiden, Leiden University Press, 2016. Vorlage:ISBN. About Krugers: 'The First Documentary Film on the Hajj' (pag. 76-77)
{{George Krugers}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krugers, G.}} [[Category:1890 births]] [[Category:1964 deaths]] [[Category:Cinematographers from the Dutch East Indies]] [[Category:Film directors from the Dutch East Indies]] [[Category:Film producers from the Dutch East Indies]] [[Category:Film score composers from the Dutch East Indies]] [[Category:People from Maluku (province)]]
- ↑ Luitgard Mols & Arnoud Vrolijk: Western Arabia in the Leiden Collections. Traces of a colourful past. Leiden, Leiden University Press, 2016. Vorlage:ISBN. About Krugers: 'The First Documentary Film on the Hajj' (pag. 77)