 | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
Hōkūleʻa[1] ist ein funktionsgleicher Nachbau einer waʻa kaulua,[2][3] eines zwei-rümpfigen polynesischen Reise-Kanus.[4][5] Antike Reisekanus waren eine spezielle Form der Holzboote, wie sie im Alten Hawaii verwendet wurden. Die Hōkūle'a ist jedoch aus Sperrholz und Glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff gebaut.[6] Die Hōkūle‘a mißt 61 ft 5 in (18,7 m) LOA, 15 ft 6 in (4,7 m) am beam, verdrängt displaces leer 16000 lb (7,26 t) und kann weitere 11000 lb (kg) tragen, sowie eine Mannschaft aus 12 bis 16 Mitgliedern. Voll beladen erreicht sie mit 540 sqft (50,2 m²) Segelfläche,[7] Geschwindigkeiten von 4–6 kn (km/h)[6] und in Passat-Winden bis 15–25 kn (km/h).[8]
Name
BearbeitenIhr Name bedeutet „Stern der Fröhlichkeit“ (star of gladness) in Hawaiianisch, was sich auf Arktur bezieht, einen Leitstern am Zenit für Hawaiianische Segler.[6] Arktur geht direkt über der passes directly overhead at Hawai'is latitude so it helps sailors find Hawai'i.
Konstruktion und Zweck
BearbeitenHōkūleʻa was launched am 8. März 1975[6] von der Polynesian Voyaging Society. She is best known for her 1976 Hawaiʻi to Tahiti voyage performed with Polynesian navigation techniques,[9] without modern navigational instruments.[10] The primary goal of the voyage was to further support the anthropological theory of the Asiatic origin of native Oceanic people (Oceania maps:detail, region), of Polynesians and Hawaiier in particular, as the result of purposeful trips through the Pacific, as opposed to passive drifting on currents, or sailing from the Americas.[11][12] (Scientific results of 2008, from DNA analysis, illuminate this theory of Polynesian settlement.)[13] A secondary goal of the project was to have the canoe and voyage "serve as vehicles for the cultural revitalization of Hawaiians and other Polynesians."[14]
Description of Hōkūleʻa, the boat, is only part of her story, since she is navigated by non-instrument means. But in 1975, no Hawaiian living knew these ancient techniques for blue water voyaging.[15] To enable the voyage, the Polynesian Voyaging Society recruited the Satawalese Master Navigator Mau Piailug [of the Weriyeng school in the Caroline Islands (map) of the Federated States of Micronesia (map) ] to share his knowledge of non-instrument navigation. While up to six Micronesian navigators still used these traditional methods as of the mid-1970s,[16] only Mau was willing to share his knowledge with the Polynesians.
Mau, who "barely spoke English," realized that by reaching beyond his own culture, through sharing what had been closely-guarded knowledge, he could possibly save it from loss. Through his collaboration with the Polynesian Voyaging Society, Mau's mentorship has helped "spark pride in the Hawaiian and Polynesian culture," leading to "a renaissance of voyaging, canoe building, and non-instrument navigation that has continued to grow, spreading across Polynesia (map) and reaching to its far corners of Aotearoa [New Zealand] and Rapanui [Easter Island]."[17]
Since 1976, Hōkūleʻa has completed nine more voyages to destinations in Micronesia, Polynesia, Japan, and the United States, all using ancient wayfinding techniques of celestial navigation. Her most recent voyage began 19. Januar 2007, when Hōkūleʻa left Hawaiʻi with the voyaging canoe Alingano Maisu on a voyage through Micronesia and ports in southern Japan. The voyage was expected to take five months. On 9. Juni 2007,[18] Hōkūleʻa completed the "One Ocean, One People" voyage to Yokohama, Japan. For Hōkūleʻa's next voyage, a three-year circumnavigation is
in planning stages, to commence February 2011.[19]
When not on a voyage, Hōkūleʻa is moored at the Marine Education Training Center (METC) of Honolulu Community College in Honolulu Harbor.
List of voyages
BearbeitenGalerie
Bearbeiten-
Galley and Diamond Bakery's cookie bucket.<ref>{{cite web -
![Motto, Kapu nā Keiki,[20] engraved on a crossbeam of Hōkūleʻa](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kapunakeiki.jpg/120px-Kapunakeiki.jpg)
Motto, Kapu nā Keiki,[20] engraved on a crossbeam of Hōkūleʻa -
Steering sweep grip of portside -
Inside a compartment -
Radio system
![Motto, Kapu nā Keiki,[20] engraved on a crossbeam of Hōkūleʻa](/wiki/Datei:Kapunakeiki.jpg)
Siehe auch
BearbeitenLiteratur
Bearbeiten- Ben Finney, Marlene Among & al.: Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 1994. Illustrations by Richard Rhodes. ISBN 0-520-08002-5
- Lela Goodell: Polynesian Voyaging Society: Introduction. 1989. In: A Guide to the Archives of the Polynesian Voyaging Society and Voyages of the Hōkūleʻa., The Kamehameha Schools: 5.
- Nainoa Thompson: Reflections on Mau Piailug: Master Navigator, Master Teacher. 1996. In: Ku Holo Mau: 2007 Voyage to Micronesia for Mau Piailug Polynesian Voyaging Society.
- Will Kyselka, Nainoa Thompson, Karte von Ray Lanterman: Kealaikahiki: A New Look at Old Routes. In: Cecilia Kapua Lindo, Nancy Alpert Mower (hgg.): Polynesian Seafaring Heritage. The Kamehameha Schools and the Polynesian Voyaging Society 2008-08-20.
Notes
BearbeitenDerek Ferrar: In the Land of the Western Sun. In: Hana Hou! Vol. 10 No. 5 (Article includes a travel diary from May 14 in Fukuoka through May 25 in Hiroshima).: „After the new canoe was presented to Mau in March, Hōkūleʻa continued on a second mission, dubbed "Kū Holo Lā Komohana" (Sail on to the Western Sun), crossing 1,200 miles from the Micronesian island of Yap to Okinawa and then hopscotching through the islands of southern Japan to Yokohama. The journey was conceived to honor the cultural ties between Japan and Hawaiʻi, which began with the visit of King Kalākaua to the Emperor Meiji in 1881 and were strengthened by the subsequent emigration of thousands of Japanese contract laborers to the Islands’ sugar plantations, many of whom remained in Hawaiʻi, forever weaving their heritage into the fabric of Island life.“
Einzelnachweise
Bearbeiten- ↑ Finney, et al. Voyage of Rediscovery, op. cit., p. xiii, gibt Ausspracheanleitungen für den Boots-Namen: „The macrons (kahakō in Hawaiian) over vowels indicate that they are longer than unmarked vowels and are stressed. The ʻOkina (ʻ) [character] indicates a consonant called a glottal stop. It is similar to the sound between oh's in the English oh-oh.“
- ↑ Naomi N.Y. Chun, with illustrations by Robin Y. Burningham, E. Nuʻulani Atkins: Hawaiian Canoe-Building Traditions. Kamehameha Schools Press and HDL: Hawaiʻi Digital Library, Honolulu, HI 1988, 1995: 57-62. (Chapter 10: Types of Canoes) ISBN 0-87336-043-5 online.
- ↑ Definition of Wa‘a Kaulua from www.wehewehe.org - online Hawaiian dictionary.
- ↑ Canoe Parts Hōkūle‘a. In: Polynesian Voyaging Society Visuals. Polynesian Voyaging Society 2008-08-06. Eine Funktionszeichnung des Bootes mit Abmessungen und Beschriftungen (englisch).
- ↑ 360 degree tour of Hōkūle‘a. In: The Honolulu Advertiser: Hōkūle‘a: 2007 Voyages to Micronesia and Japan. Gannett Company.
- ↑ a b c d The Building of the Hōkūle‘a – 1973-75. Canoe Building. Polynesian Voyaging Society 2008-08-05.
- ↑ Unattributed: Hokule‘a Plans. In: The Building of the Hokule‘a. Polynesian Voyaging Society, abgerufen am 21. August 2008 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ Dennis Kawaharada: 5. In the Northeast Tradewinds. In: KCCN Hawaiian Radio Cultural Vignette Series: No Nā Mamo. Polynesian Voyaging Society and KCCN Hawaiian Radio, 1993, abgerufen am 28. August 2008 (amerikanisches Englisch). Kawaharada adds that the vessel can sail at just over 10|kn|mph km/h knots in stronger winds and following seas.
- ↑ Dennis Kawaharada: Introduction to Wayfinding, or Non-Instrument Navigation. In: Wayfinding Strategies and Tactics. Polynesian Voyaging Society, abgerufen am 5. August 2008. This section of the Polynesian Voyaging Society web site offers an introduction to techniques; links at page bottom provide further information and bibliography.
- ↑ State of Hawaiʻi, House of Representatives, Twenty-third Legislature, 2006, House Resolution 267. Read the text of the State Resolution honoring Master Navigator Mau Piailug and the inaugural crew for their achievements.
- ↑ Ben Finney: Voyaging into Polynesia's Past: The Founding of the Polynesian Voyaging Society. Polynesian Voyaging Society, abgerufen am 5. August 2008 (en-us). Dr. Finney discusses founding of the Polynesian Voyaging Society and gives background on contrasting theories of Polynesian settlement such as Thor Heyerdahl (settlement from Americas), Andrew Sharp (settlement by chance from drift voyaging), and others proposed.
- ↑ Gail Evenari: Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey. PBS, abgerufen am 5. August 2008 (en-us). Gail Evenari, crew on the Tonga-Sāmoa leg of the "Voyage of Rediscovery," produced a documentary film on ancient Polynesian voyaging which was broadcasted by PBS. The Heyerdahl and Sharp section of the related PBS website summarizes theories of Polynesian settlement which the Hōkūleʻa voyages empirically undercut.
- ↑ John Noble Wilford: Pacific Islanders' Ancestry Emerges in Genetic Study In: Asia Pacific, The New York Times Company, 18 January 2008. Abgerufen am 12. August 2008 DNA analysis confirms Polynesians' relationship to Taiwanese Aborigines and East Asians.
- ↑ Finney, Voyage of Rediscovery: 71. Though Finney's Voyage of Rediscovery is primarily about the nearly two year voyage of that name, 1985-1987, here Finney speaks about the canoe's original construction and 1976 voyage.
- ↑ Gary Kubota: Navigators' Journey of Spirit, Skill Ends: Five Polynesians are Recognized as Select Master Wayfinders In: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Oahu Publications, Inc., 18. März 2007. Abgerufen am 6. August 2008 Describes the 2007 induction of Nainoa Thompson, Milton "Shorty" Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, Chadd Kaʻonohi Paishon, and Chad Kalepa Baybayan into Pwo, 32 years after Hōkūleʻa's launching, in recognition of their mastery of Micronesian non-instrument navigation as taught by Mau Piailug. This reference adds that the Pwo ceremony had not been conducted in fifty years, whereas Pwo suggests this was the first Pwo in fifty-six years
- ↑ Mike Gordon: New Canoe a Tribute to Piailug In: Honolulu Advertiser, Gannett Company, 14. November 2006. Abgerufen am 6. August 2008 Mentions the 1969 death of the last recognized Polynesian navigator and existence of only six Micronesian non-instrument navigators due to younger seafarers' adoption of GPS and outboard motors over the rigors of learning ancestral non-instrument means of navigating sailing canoes.
- ↑ Thompson, Reflections on Mau Piailug 1996.
- ↑ Due to the International Date Line, the voyage was completed on 8. Juni Hawaiʻi time.
- ↑ Craig Gima, with photos by Cindy Ellen Russell and George F. Lee: Hokuleʻa Voyaging Could Go Worldwide In: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Vol. 13, Issue 76, Gannett Company, 16. März 2008. Abgerufen am 30. August 2008
- ↑ Kapu Nā Keiki web page translates the motto into American English as "Hold Sacred the Children," which refers to the childrens' outreach program by this name.
Weblinks
Bearbeiten
- Brief introduction to navigating by the stars
- Honolulu Advertiser Hōkūleʻa Voyage Special
- Sam Low's Voyages of Awakening, 25 years of Hōkūleʻa
- Polynesian Voyaging Society website
- Polynesian Voyaging Society website section on the building of Hōkūle‘a
- Public Broadcasting Service website for Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey, a film about the ancient Polynesian sea voyaging tradition
- Uncle Charlie's personal website on Hōkūleʻa, by Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell Sr.
{{Normdaten|TYP=s|GND=4137752-7}}
[[Kategorie:Expedition]]
[[Kategorie:Experimentelle Archäologie]]
[[Kategorie:Hawaii]]
[[Category:Sailboat names]]
[[Category:School ships]]
[[Category:Symbols of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Experimental archaeology]]