Sumayya bint Khayyat

Sumayya bint Khayyat oder Sumayya bint Khabbat (arabisch سُميّة بنت خيّاط oder سُميّة بنت خبّاط, DMG Sumayyah bint Ḫayyāṭ oder Sumayyah bint Ḫabbāṭ; geboren um 550; gestorben 615 in Mekka) war eine Sklavin in der Dschāhilīya Mekkas mit äthiopischen Wurzeln und die erste Märtyrerin des Islam. Ihr Tod wurde öffentlich durch ihren Sklavenhalter Abū Dschahl verursacht, welcher kurz zuvor ihren Mann Yasir ibn 'Amr tötete.

Leben

Sumayya war Sklavin unter der Haltung von Abu Hudhayfa ibn al-Mughira, einem Mitglied des Makhzum Clans in Mekka. Er vermittelte ihr Yasir zur Ehe, einen jemenitischen Sklaven. Unter seiner Obhut lebten sie zusammen in Mekka und bekamen Ammar, Abdullah und Hurth ibn Yasir als Söhne.^[1] Sumayya gebar ihren Sohn Ammar im Jahr 566 und Hurth ibn Yasir starb durch den Dil Clan in der vorislamischen Zeit.^[2]

Abu Hudhayfa befreite später Sumayya und ihre Familie von der Sklavenhaltung; sie blieben jedoch weiterhin die Klienten des Clans. Es wird überliefert, dass Abu Hudhayfa den Propheten Mohammed ablehnte.^[1] ʿAmr ibn Hishām, ebenso ein Mitglied des Clans Makhzum, nahm derweil Sumayya und ihre Familie als Sklaven de facto auf. Dadurch war eine erneute Befreiung durch ein Freikaufen nicht möglich.^[3]

Es wird überliefert, dass Sumayya einer der ersten sieben war, die den Islam öffentlich befürworteten.^[4] Eine Konversion war dafür nicht zwangsläufig nötig gewesen, da Ammar, der ebenfalls dazukam, noch nicht konvertiert gewesen ist, bevor dreißig Männer im Haus von Al-Arqam den Propheten besuchten.^[1]

Die Quraisch verfolgten damals Muslime, vor allem mit niedrigem sozialem Rang.^[5] Sumayyas Familie war nach dem Tod ihres Patrons Abu Hudhayfah solchen Verfolgungen ausgesetzt, welches durch eine Konversion verstärkt wurde.^[6]^[7] Sie weigerte sich dennoch, ihren alten Glauben wieder anzunehmen und altarabische Gottheiten zu verehren.

Tod

ʿAmr ibn Hishām wurde Sumayyas Konversion bekannt, nachdem eine andere Sklavin, Haritha, ebenfalls mit Mohammeds Bekundungen sympathisierte. Es wird berichtet, dass Sumayya mit ihrem Mann Yasir und ihrem Sohn Ammar unter anderem unter der heißen Sonne in Kettenhemden stehen mussten, mit der Aufforderung den Islam zu verlassen. Nachdem er sie und ihre Familie folterte, erstach und tötete er Sumayya, bevor er auch ihren Mann Yasir tötete.^[8]^[7]^[9]

At-Tabarī und Ibn Sa'd erwähnen ein anderes Ende von Sumayyas Leben. Sie habe einen byzantinischen Sklaven namens Al-Azraq nach Yasirs Tod geheiratet, mit dem sie al-Azraq Salama gebar, einem weiteren Bruder Ammars. Demnach wäre Ammar indirekt in der Blutlinie der Umayyaden.^[1] At-Tabarī erwähnt jedoch, dass dies und andere Geschichten eine Verwechslung zwei mechanischer Frauen mit demselben Namen sein könnten.

Sumayya in der Geschichtsschreibung

Die jüngste Erwähnung von Sumayyas Ermordung lässt sich bis zur Biographie von Mohammed Sirat Rasul Allah von Ibn Ishāq zurückverfolgen. Ihren Namen Sumayya erwähnt Ibn Ishāq jedoch nur in Zusammenhang zu ihrem Sohn Ammar. Die explizite Nennung ihres Namens wird auf Ibn Sa'd und At-Tabarī zurückgeführt.

Literatur

Martin Attar: Sumaya. Die Zeit der Frauen ist gekommen, 1. Auflage, 2023, ISBN 978-3-347-89906-3.
Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Ed. Aisha Bewley, Band 3, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2, S. 178–189. Digitalisat
Muhammad Ibn Ishāq: The Life of Muhammad. Ed. Alfred Guillaume, Karachi 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, S. 145. Digitalisat

Einzelnachweise

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Hrsg.: Aisha Bewley. Band 3. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2, S. 188 f.
↑ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Hrsg.: Aisha Bewley. Band 3. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2, S. 203.
↑ Martin Attar: Sumaya. Die Zeit der Frauen ist gekommen. 1. Auflage. 2023, ISBN 978-3-347-89906-3, S. 29 f.
↑ Ibn Majah: The Book of the Sunnah. In: sunnah.com. Abgerufen am 13. November 2024 (englisch, Authentizität: hasan): „The first people to declare their Islam publicly were seven: The Messenger of Allah, Abu Bakr, 'Ammar and his mother Sumayyah, Suhaib, Bilal and Miqdad. With regard to the Messenger of Allah, Allah protected him through his paternal uncle Abu Talib. With regard to Abu Bakr, Allah protected him through his people. As for the rest, the idolators seized them and made them wear coats of chain-mail and exposed them to the intense heat of the sun.“
↑ Sayed A. A. Razwy: A restatement of the history of Islam & Muslims: C.E. 570 to 661. World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, Stanmore, Middlesex 1997, ISBN 0-9509879-1-3, Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims (englisch, al-islam.org [abgerufen am 9. November 2024]): “Ammar ibn Yasser was also one of the earliest converts to Islam. As noted before, his mother and father were tortured to death by the pagans in Makkah. They were the first and the second martyrs of Islam, and this is a distinction that no one in all Islam can share with them”
↑ Sayed A. A. Razwy: A restatement of the history of Islam & Muslims : C.E. 570 to 661. World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, Stanmore, Middlesex 1997, ISBN 0-9509879-1-3, Abu Bakr the first Khalifa of the Muslims (englisch, al-islam.org [abgerufen am 9. November 2024]): “Ammar ibn Yasser was also one of the earliest converts to Islam. As noted before, his mother and father were tortured to death by the pagans in Makkah. They were the first and the second martyrs of Islam, and this is a distinction that no one in all Islam can share with them.”
↑ ^a ^b Sayed A. A. Razwy: A restatement of the history of Islam & Muslims : C.E. 570 to 661. World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, Stanmore, Middlesex 1997, ISBN 0-9509879-1-3, Early Converts to Islam and their persecution (englisch, al-islam.org [abgerufen am 9. November 2024]): “The first victims of pagan attrition and aggression were those Muslims who had no tribal affiliation in Makkah. Yasir and his wife, Sumayya, and their son, Ammar, had no tribal affiliation. In Makkah they were "foreigners" and there was no one to protect them. All three were savagely tortured by Abu Jahl and the other infidels. Sumayya, Yasir's wife, died while she was being tortured. She thus became the First Martyr in Islam. A little later, her husband, Yasir, was also tortured to death, and he became the Second Martyr in Islam. Quraysh had stained their hands with innocent blood! In the roster of martyrs, Sumayya and her husband, Yasir, rank among the highest. They were killed for no reason other than their devotion to Allah and their love for Islam and Muhammad Mustafa. Those Muslims who were killed in the battles of Badr and Uhud, had an army to defend and to support them. But Yasir and his wife had no one to defend them; they bore no arms, and they were the most defenseless of all the martyrs of Islam. By sacrificing their lives, they highlighted the truth of Islam, and they built strength into its structure. They made the tradition of sacrifice and martyrdom an integral part of the ethos of Islam.”
↑ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Hrsg.: Aisha Bewley. Band 3. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2, S. 178.
↑ Muhammad Ibn Ishaq: The Life of Muhammad. Hrsg.: Alfred Guillaume. Oxford University Press, Karachi 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, S. 145.

Personendaten
NAME	Sumayya bint Khayyat
ALTERNATIVNAMEN	Sumayya bint Khabbat; Sumayyah bint Ḫayyāṭ; Sumayyah bint Ḫabbāṭ
KURZBESCHREIBUNG	Sklavin
GEBURTSDATUM	um 550
STERBEDATUM	615
STERBEORT	Mekka

[:0-1] Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Hrsg.: Aisha Bewley. Band 3. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2, S. 188 f.

[2] Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Hrsg.: Aisha Bewley. Band 3. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2, S. 203.

[3] Martin Attar: Sumaya. Die Zeit der Frauen ist gekommen. 1. Auflage. 2023, ISBN 978-3-347-89906-3, S. 29 f.

[4] Ibn Majah: The Book of the Sunnah. In: sunnah.com. Abgerufen am 13. November 2024 (englisch, Authentizität: hasan): „The first people to declare their Islam publicly were seven: The Messenger of Allah, Abu Bakr, 'Ammar and his mother Sumayyah, Suhaib, Bilal and Miqdad. With regard to the Messenger of Allah, Allah protected him through his paternal uncle Abu Talib. With regard to Abu Bakr, Allah protected him through his people. As for the rest, the idolators seized them and made them wear coats of chain-mail and exposed them to the intense heat of the sun.“

[Razwy-Ch.AB-5] Sayed A. A. Razwy: A restatement of the history of Islam & Muslims: C.E. 570 to 661. World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, Stanmore, Middlesex 1997, ISBN 0-9509879-1-3, Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims (englisch, al-islam.org [abgerufen am 9. November 2024]): “Ammar ibn Yasser was also one of the earliest converts to Islam. As noted before, his mother and father were tortured to death by the pagans in Makkah. They were the first and the second martyrs of Islam, and this is a distinction that no one in all Islam can share with them”

[Razwy-Ch.UA-6] Sayed A. A. Razwy: A restatement of the history of Islam & Muslims : C.E. 570 to 661. World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, Stanmore, Middlesex 1997, ISBN 0-9509879-1-3, Abu Bakr the first Khalifa of the Muslims (englisch, al-islam.org [abgerufen am 9. November 2024]): “Ammar ibn Yasser was also one of the earliest converts to Islam. As noted before, his mother and father were tortured to death by the pagans in Makkah. They were the first and the second martyrs of Islam, and this is a distinction that no one in all Islam can share with them.”

[Razwy-Ch.EC-7] Sayed A. A. Razwy: A restatement of the history of Islam & Muslims : C.E. 570 to 661. World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, Stanmore, Middlesex 1997, ISBN 0-9509879-1-3, Early Converts to Islam and their persecution (englisch, al-islam.org [abgerufen am 9. November 2024]): “The first victims of pagan attrition and aggression were those Muslims who had no tribal affiliation in Makkah. Yasir and his wife, Sumayya, and their son, Ammar, had no tribal affiliation. In Makkah they were "foreigners" and there was no one to protect them. All three were savagely tortured by Abu Jahl and the other infidels. Sumayya, Yasir's wife, died while she was being tortured. She thus became the First Martyr in Islam. A little later, her husband, Yasir, was also tortured to death, and he became the Second Martyr in Islam. Quraysh had stained their hands with innocent blood! In the roster of martyrs, Sumayya and her husband, Yasir, rank among the highest. They were killed for no reason other than their devotion to Allah and their love for Islam and Muhammad Mustafa. Those Muslims who were killed in the battles of Badr and Uhud, had an army to defend and to support them. But Yasir and his wife had no one to defend them; they bore no arms, and they were the most defenseless of all the martyrs of Islam. By sacrificing their lives, they highlighted the truth of Islam, and they built strength into its structure. They made the tradition of sacrifice and martyrdom an integral part of the ethos of Islam.”

[:1-8] Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir. Hrsg.: Aisha Bewley. Band 3. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2, S. 178.

[9] Muhammad Ibn Ishaq: The Life of Muhammad. Hrsg.: Alfred Guillaume. Oxford University Press, Karachi 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, S. 145.

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