Ein Tamga oder Tamgha (Alttürkische Sprache: 𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀 - tamga, lit. Stempel, Siegel; Vorlage:Tr; Vorlage:Mn; Adygeische Sprache: тамыгъэ - translit. „tamığə“; Kabardinische Sprache: дамыгъэ - translit. „damığə“) war ein abstraktes Siegel oder Brandzeichen der eurasischen Reitervölker und von Kulturen, die von diesen beinflusst worden sind. Das Tamga war normalerweise das Emblem eines bestimmten Stammes, Clans oder Familie. Sie waren bei den eurasischen Nomaden während der klassischen Antike und im Mittelalter verbreitet. Die Erforschung und der systematische Vergleich von Tamgas als Clan- und Familienzeichen gilt als wichtige Methode um die Beziehungen zwischen Familien, einzelnen Personen und ethnischen Grupoen in den Steppengebieten zu erforschen.[1][2]
Vergleichbare Tamga-ähnliche Symbole wurden manchmal auch von sesshaften Völkern am Rande der Pontokaspischen Steppe sowohl in Osteuropa als auch in Zentralasien verwendet.[3][4][5][6]
Es gab die Theorie, dass die turkischen Tamgas eine der Quellen der Alt-Turkischen Schrift in der Zeit vom 6. bis 10. Jahrhundert waren.[7] Aber seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts ist diese Hypothese als unbelegbar zurückgewiesen.[8]
Tamgas in den Traditionen der Steppe
BearbeitenAntike Ursprünge
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Tamgas entstanden in prä-historischer Zeit, aber ihre exakte Nutzung und Entwicklung kann nicht fortlaufend belegt werden. Es gibt aber Symbole, welche in Felsbildern verwendet werden, welche als Tamgas oder zumindest als tamga-ähnlich beschrieben werden.[9] Wenn sie dazu dienen, die Anwesenheit von Personen an einem bestimmten Ort aufzuzeichnen, sind sie möglicherweise funktionell mit mittelalterlichen Tamgas gleichwertig.
In den späteren Phasen des Bosporanischen Königreichs verwendete die herrschende Dynastie persönliche Tamgas, die aus einem Fragment bestanden, welches die Familie darstellt, und einem Fragment, das den einzelnen König darstellt, offenbar in Fortführung der Steppentraditionen und in einem Versuch, sesshafte und nomadische Fraktionen innerhalb des Königreichs zu verbinden.[10]
Turkvölker
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According to Clauson (1972, p.504f.), Common Turkic tamga means "originally a `brand' or mark of ownership placed on horses, cattle, and other livestock; it became at a very early date something like a European coat of arms or crest, and as such appears at the head of several Türkü and many O[ld] Kir[giz] funary monuments".[11]
Among modern Turkic peoples, the tamga is a design identifying property or cattle belonging to a specific Turkic clan, usually as a cattle brand or stamp.[12] In Turkestan, it has remained what it originally was: a cattle brand and clan identifier. The Turks who remained pastoral nomad kings in eastern Anatolia and Iran, continued to use their clan tamgas and in fact, they became high-strung nationalistic imagery. The Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu, like many other royal dynasties in Eurasia, put their tamga on their flags and stamped their coinage with it.
When Turkish clans took over more urban or rural areas, tamgas dropped out of use as pastoral ways of life became forgotten. That is most evident in the Turkish clans that took over western and eastern Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert. The Turks who took over western Anatolia founded the Sultanate of Rûm and became Roman-style aristocrats. Most of them adopted the then-Muslim symbol of the Seal of Solomon after the Sultanate disintegrated into a mass of feuding ghazi states (see Isfendiyarids, Karamanids). Only the Ottoman ghazi state (later to become the Ottoman Empire) kept its tamga, which was so highly stylized that the bow was stylized down eventually to a crescent moon.
Tamgas of the 21 Oghuz tribes (as Charuklug had none) according to Mahmud al-Kashgari in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk:[13]
List of Kazakh tamga symbols that were used by clans
Bearbeiten| Clan | Subclan | Tamga |
|---|---|---|
| Senior Zhuz | 
| |
| Qaŋlı |  , 
| |
| Jalayır | 
| |
| Dulat |  , 
| |
| Siqım | ,  , 
| |
| Janıs | 
| |
| Botbay |
| |
| Şımır | 
| |
| Alban |
| |
| Suwan | 
| |
| Sarı-Üysin | 
| |
| Şapıraştı |  ,  , 
| |
| Oşaqtı | 
| |
| Istı | ,
| |
| Oyıq | , 
| |
| Tilik | 
| |
| Sirgeli |  ,  ,  , 
| |
| Şanışqılı |  , 
| |
| Middle Zhuz | 
| |
| Arğın |
| |
| Taratqtı | , 
| |
| Joğarı şekti | 
| |
| Tömengi şekti | 
| |
| Nayman |  , 
| |
| Baltalı | 
| |
| Bağanalı |  ,  , 
| |
| Buwra | 
| |
| Qarakerey | 
| |
| Matay | 
| |
| Sadır | , 
| |
| Qıpşaq | 
| |
| Qoŋırat |
| |
| Saŋğıl |
| |
| Waq |  , , 
| |
| Ergenekti Waq | , 
| |
| Kerey | 
| |
| Aşamaylı |
| |
| Abaq | 
| |
| Junior Zhuz | ||
| Bayulı | ||
| Aday |  , 
| |
| Beriş |  ,  ,  , 
| |
| Altın |  , 
| |
| Jappas |  , , , 
| |
| Esentemir |  , 
| |
| Taz |  , 
| |
| Baybaqtı |  , ,  ,
| |
| Tana |
| |
| Masqar | ||
| Altıbas (Alaşa) |  , , 
| |
| Qızılqurıt | ,  , , 
| |
| Şerkeş | , , 
| |
| Isıq | ,
| |
| Älimulı | ||
| Qarasaqal | ,  , 
| |
| Qarakesek | ,
| |
| Törtqara | ||
| Şekti |  ,  ,
| |
| Şömekey | ||
| Jetiruw | ||
| Tabın |  ,  , 
| |
| Tama | ,  ,
| |
| Jağabayl | 
| |
| Telew |  ,
| |
| Kerderi | 
| |
| Kereyit |  , 
| |
| Ramadan |
| |
| Out of Zhuz system | ||
| Töre | , 
| |
| Qoja | , 
| |
| Töleñgıt |
| |
| Noğay-Qazaq |
|
Mongolian
Bearbeiten"Tamga", or "tamag'a", literally means "stamp" or "seal" in Mongolian and designates emblematic symbols which were historically used by various Mongolic tribes or clans in Central Asia. According to Clauson (1972, p.504), it was originally a Turkic word also "used for a Chinese 'seal' and passed into Mong[olian] in this meaning as tamaga".[11]
In the Mongol Empire, a tamgha was a seal placed on taxed items and, by extension, a tax on commerce (see Eastern Europe below).[14]
Over a hundred different Mongolian tamga are known. Certain tamga were adopted by individual medieval Mongolic and Turkic rulers, and were consequently used on coins and seals issued by these rulers. Tamga are most widely found on Islamic coins issued by the descendants of Chinggis Khan in the various khanates of Central Asia during the 13th and 14th centuries, in particular the Chaghatai Khanate. Tamga are of immense interest to numismatists, and are discussed in many academic works relating to the medieval Islamic coins of Central Asia. However, numismatists and historians currently have limited options for representing tamga symbols in text, and cannot reliably interchange text including tamga symbols because they are either represented as images, or are handdrawn, or use an ad hoc font. Doctor Nyamaa[15] identifies nearly a hundred tamga signs used on coins, although only about half of them can be assigned to a specific ruler, and some of them are variant forms or presentation forms of the same tamga.[16]
-
Naran Tamga or Ongin Tamga -
Tamga of Chinggis khan -
Tamga of Tului khan -
Tamga of Ögedei Khan -
Tamga of Tsagadai khan -
Tamga of Juchi khan -
Tamga of Guyug khan
Tamgas are also stamped using hot irons on domesticated animals such as horses in present-day Mongolia and others to identify that the livestock belongs to a certain family, since livestock is allowed to roam during the day. Each family has their own tamga markings for easier identification. Tamga marks are not very elaborate, since they are made from curved pieces of iron by the individual families.
A tamag'a is also used as the "state seal" of Mongolia, which is handed over by the President of Mongolia as part of the transition to a new president. In the presidential case, the tamag'a is a little more elaborate and is contained in a wooden box.
Caucasus
BearbeitenFrom Turkic, the term "tamga" has also been loaned into Caucasian languages, e.g., Vorlage:Lang-ady; Vorlage:Lang-kbd. Among the Circassians, almost every family has a tamga to this day.[17]
Secondary usage
BearbeitenEastern Europe
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Throughout the early Middle Ages, the Rurikid nobles of Rus' used Tamga-like symbols to denote property rights over various items (Rurikid symbols).[18] Very likely, these are of Khazar (Turkic) origin[19] and have been adopted along with the expansion of the Rus into steppe territory.[20] A similar process of acculturation of steppe elements can also be suspected for (or before) the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396), as its flags closely resemble the Rurikid symbols in taking the shape of a trident.
In East Slavic languages, the term tamga (Russian тамга) survived in state institution of border customs, with associated cluster of terms: rastamozhit' (Russian растаможить, Belarusian растаможыць, pay customs duties), tamozhnya (Russian таможня, customs), tamozhennik (Russian таможенник, customs officer), derived from the use of tamga as a certificate of State. In East Slavic, the steppe term competes with forms assumed to originate from Germanic (Old Church Slavonic мꙑто toll, Russian (historical) мы́то "customs duty", Ukrainian мито "toll, customs duty", and Belarusian мытня, Ukrainian митниця "customs"; cf. German Maut "street toll" and Medieval Latin mūta "toll").
In the 20th century, the Rurikid trident, colloquially called tryzub (тризуб), has been adopted as national symbol and the coat of arms of Ukraine. The modern version has been designed by Vasyl Krychevsky (1918) and Andriy Grechylo, Oleksii Kokhan, and Ivan Turetskyi (1992).
Islamic empires
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In the late medieval Turco-Mongol states, the term tamga was used for any kind of official stamp or seal. This usage persisted in the early modern Islamic Empires (Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire), and in some of their modern successor states.
In the Urdu language (which absorbed Turkic vocabulary), Tamgha is used as medal. Tamgha-i-Jurat is the fourth highest Military medal of Pakistan. It is admissible to all ranks for gallantry and distinguished services in combat. Tamgha-i-Imtiaz or Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Vorlage:Lang-ur), which translates as "medal of excellence", is fourth highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. Tamgha-i-Khidmat or Tamgha-e-Khidmat (تمغۂ خدمت), which translates as "medal of services", is seventh highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. It is admissible to non-commissioned officers and other ranks for long meritorious or distinguished services of a non-operational nature.
In Egypt, the term damgha (Vorlage:Lang-ar) or tamgha (تمغة) is still used in two contexts. One is a tax or fee when dealing with the government. It is normally in the form of stamps that have to be purchased and affixed to government forms, such as a driver license or a registration deed for a contract. The term is derived from the Ottoman damga resmi. Another is a stamp put on every piece of jewelry made from gold or silver to indicate it is genuine, and not made of baser metals.
See also
BearbeitenReferences
BearbeitenFurther reading
Bearbeiten- A. Fetisov: The "Rurikid sign" from the B3 church at Basarabi-Murfatlar. In: Studia Patzinaka. 4. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2007, S. 29–44 (patzinakia.com ( des vom 28. September 2020 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 14. Juli 2010]).
- Online Ottoman Turkish Dictionary.
- H. B. Paksoy: Identity Markers: Uran, Tamga, Dastan. In: Transoxiana. 8. Jahrgang, Juni 2004 (com.ar).
- S. A. Yatsenko: Знаки-тамги ираноязычных народов древности и раннего средневековья. (deutsch: Tamga-signs of Iranic-speaking peoples of antiquity and the early medieval period). Восточная литература, Moscow 2001, ISBN 5-02-018212-5.
[[Category:Archaeological artefact types]] [[Category:Seals (insignia)]] [[Category:Symbols]] [[Category:Heraldic charges]] [[Category:Turkish words and phrases]] [[Category:Mongolian words and phrases]] [[Category:Turkic culture]]
- ↑ Bobir Gayibov: About To the Question of the Main Origin of Sogdian Rulers. In: International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies III(I) 2016: S. 235–242.
- ↑ U. R. Shnanov, Z. O. Artykbaev, G. T. Kazhenova, G. Abdykulova: Historical significance of tribal Tamgas and its relation to the runic script. In: Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales. (91). 2020: S. 833–850.
- ↑ Ottfried Neubecker: Heraldik. Orbis 2002. ISBN 3-572-01344-5
- ↑ Kevin Alan Brook: The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman and Littlefield 2006: S. 154. ISBN 0-7425-4981-X
- ↑ Simon Franklin, Jonathan Shepard: The Emergence of Rus 750–1200. Longman, London 1996: S. 120–121.
- ↑ Omeljan Pritsak: The Origins of the Old Rus’ Weights and Monetary Systems. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts 1998: S. 78–79. ISBN 0-582-49090-1
- ↑ N. Aristov: Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record. ZhS 3–4, 1896: S. 277–456.
- ↑ Talat Tekin: A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles 1965. (Überblick über die Literatur)
- ↑ A. E. Rogozhinskiy: Rock art sites in Kazakhstan. In: Rock Art in Central Asia 2011: S. 9.
- ↑ Stephanie Müller: Die Krim. Goldene Insel im Schwarzen Meer; Griechen, Skythen, Goten. Primus-Verlag, LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn (Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung; LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn: 4. Juli 2013 - 19. Januar 2014) Darmstadt 2013. ISBN 978-3-86312-060-3 d-nb.info
- ↑ a b Gerard Clauson, Internet Archive: An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1972, ISBN 978-0-19-864112-4 (archive.org).
- ↑ Samashev, S. K. (2021). Horse branding tradition among the Turks. Вестник КазНУ. Серия историческая, 103(4), 53-62.
- ↑ Kâşgarlı Mahmûd: Divânü Lugâti’t-Türk. Kabalcı Yayınevi: S. 354.
- ↑ David Christian: A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia. Blackwell, 1999, S. 415.
- ↑ Nyamaa Badarch: The Coins of Mongol Empire and Clan Tamgha of Khans (XIII–XIV). Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 2005, ISBN 99929-0-423-2 (mongolisch).
- ↑ Viacheslav Zaytsev: West, Andrew and Viacheslav Zaytsev 2019. Preliminary proposal to encode a set of 30 Tamga symbols. [Document No. JTC1/SC2/WG2 N5092 = L2/19-216], "The Unicode Consortium: [official site]". 90 pp. In: Preliminary Proposal to Encode a Set of 30 Tamga Symbols. 1. Januar 2019 (academia.edu).
- ↑ Цуекъо, Алый. Адыгэ лъэкъуацIэхэмрэ тамыгъэхэмрэ
- ↑ Boris Zhivkov: Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill, 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-29307-6, S. 275: „Probably not only the strong steppe influence, but also the desire to subjugate the local population can both be seen as reasons for the use of the khagan title by some Rurikids, along with tamga (trident), which had been a typical symbol of power in the steppes and in Middle Asia since ancient times.“
- ↑ Omeljan Pritsak: The Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries. Harvard University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-916458-48-5, S. 78 (englisch, google.com).
- ↑ Noonan, T. S. (2001). The Khazar qaghanate and its impact on the early Rus’ state: The translatio imperii from Itil to Kiev. In: A.M. Khazanov and A. Wink (eds.), Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, London and New York, p. 76-102.